From a689949044a2652067b13736b78a26670b887633 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: alice pellerin <thealicepellerin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 22:59:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] clean up files, parse arguments with clap

---
 Cargo.lock                           | 305 ++++++---
 Cargo.toml                           |   1 +
 src/action.rs                        | 923 ---------------------------
 src/{app/mod.rs => app.rs}           |  88 +--
 src/app/actions.rs                   |  50 ++
 src/arguments.rs                     |  14 +
 src/{buffer/mod.rs => buffer.rs}     | 101 +--
 src/buffer/actions.rs                | 923 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/buffer/widget.rs                 | 405 +-----------
 src/buffer/widget/address.rs         |  16 +
 src/buffer/widget/character_panel.rs |  76 +++
 src/buffer/widget/extra_statuses.rs  |  34 +
 src/buffer/widget/hex.rs             | 237 +++++++
 src/buffer/widget/status_line.rs     |  54 ++
 src/config.rs                        | 276 +-------
 src/config/default.rs                | 266 ++++++++
 src/cursor/actions.rs                | 440 +++++++++++++
 src/edit_action.rs                   |   2 +-
 src/main.rs                          |  16 +-
 src/popup.rs                         |  64 ++
 src/window_size.rs                   |  17 +
 21 files changed, 2452 insertions(+), 1856 deletions(-)
 rename src/{app/mod.rs => app.rs} (74%)
 create mode 100644 src/app/actions.rs
 create mode 100644 src/arguments.rs
 rename src/{buffer/mod.rs => buffer.rs} (82%)
 create mode 100644 src/buffer/actions.rs
 create mode 100644 src/buffer/widget/address.rs
 create mode 100644 src/buffer/widget/character_panel.rs
 create mode 100644 src/buffer/widget/extra_statuses.rs
 create mode 100644 src/buffer/widget/hex.rs
 create mode 100644 src/buffer/widget/status_line.rs
 create mode 100644 src/config/default.rs
 create mode 100644 src/cursor/actions.rs
 create mode 100644 src/popup.rs
 create mode 100644 src/window_size.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 718d378..eac7cc4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -17,6 +17,56 @@ version = "0.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "683d7910e743518b0e34f1186f92494becacb047c7b6bf616c96772180fef923"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anstream"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "824a212faf96e9acacdbd09febd34438f8f711fb84e09a8916013cd7815ca28d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "anstyle-parse",
+ "anstyle-query",
+ "anstyle-wincon",
+ "colorchoice",
+ "is_terminal_polyfill",
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle"
+version = "1.0.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "940b3a0ca603d1eade50a4846a2afffd5ef57a9feac2c0e2ec2e14f9ead76000"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-parse"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "52ce7f38b242319f7cabaa6813055467063ecdc9d355bbb4ce0c68908cd8130e"
+dependencies = [
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-query"
+version = "1.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40c48f72fd53cd289104fc64099abca73db4166ad86ea0b4341abe65af83dadc"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-wincon"
+version = "3.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "291e6a250ff86cd4a820112fb8898808a366d8f9f58ce16d1f538353ad55747d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "once_cell_polyfill",
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
 version = "1.0.102"
@@ -67,9 +117,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.10.0"
+version = "2.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "812e12b5285cc515a9c72a5c1d3b6d46a19dac5acfef5265968c166106e31dd3"
+checksum = "843867be96c8daad0d758b57df9392b6d8d271134fce549de6ce169ff98a92af"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -116,6 +166,52 @@ version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clap"
+version = "4.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b193af5b67834b676abd72466a96c1024e6a6ad978a1f484bd90b85c94041351"
+dependencies = [
+ "clap_builder",
+ "clap_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_builder"
+version = "4.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "714a53001bf66416adb0e2ef5ac857140e7dc3a0c48fb28b2f10762fc4b5069f"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstream",
+ "anstyle",
+ "clap_lex",
+ "strsim",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_derive"
+version = "4.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1110bd8a634a1ab8cb04345d8d878267d57c3cf1b38d91b71af6686408bbca6a"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c8d4a3bb8b1e0c1050499d1815f5ab16d04f0959b233085fb31653fbfc9d98f9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "colorchoice"
+version = "1.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d07550c9036bf2ae0c684c4297d503f838287c83c53686d05370d0e139ae570"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "compact_str"
 version = "0.9.0"
@@ -132,9 +228,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "convert_case"
-version = "0.7.1"
+version = "0.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bb402b8d4c85569410425650ce3eddc7d698ed96d39a73f941b08fb63082f1e7"
+checksum = "633458d4ef8c78b72454de2d54fd6ab2e60f9e02be22f3c6104cdc8a4e0fceb9"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-segmentation",
 ]
@@ -154,7 +250,7 @@ version = "0.29.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d8b9f2e4c67f833b660cdb0a3523065869fb35570177239812ed4c905aeff87b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "crossterm_winapi",
  "derive_more",
  "document-features",
@@ -198,9 +294,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "darling"
-version = "0.20.11"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fc7f46116c46ff9ab3eb1597a45688b6715c6e628b5c133e288e709a29bcb4ee"
+checksum = "25ae13da2f202d56bd7f91c25fba009e7717a1e4a1cc98a76d844b65ae912e9d"
 dependencies = [
  "darling_core",
  "darling_macro",
@@ -208,27 +304,26 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "darling_core"
-version = "0.20.11"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0d00b9596d185e565c2207a0b01f8bd1a135483d02d9b7b0a54b11da8d53412e"
+checksum = "9865a50f7c335f53564bb694ef660825eb8610e0a53d3e11bf1b0d3df31e03b0"
 dependencies = [
- "fnv",
  "ident_case",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "strsim",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "darling_macro"
-version = "0.20.11"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fc34b93ccb385b40dc71c6fceac4b2ad23662c7eeb248cf10d529b7e055b6ead"
+checksum = "ac3984ec7bd6cfa798e62b4a642426a5be0e68f9401cfc2a01e3fa9ea2fcdb8d"
 dependencies = [
  "darling_core",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -248,23 +343,24 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more"
-version = "2.0.1"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "093242cf7570c207c83073cf82f79706fe7b8317e98620a47d5be7c3d8497678"
+checksum = "d751e9e49156b02b44f9c1815bcb94b984cdcc4396ecc32521c739452808b134"
 dependencies = [
  "derive_more-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more-impl"
-version = "2.0.1"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bda628edc44c4bb645fbe0f758797143e4e07926f7ebf4e9bdfbd3d2ce621df3"
+checksum = "799a97264921d8623a957f6c3b9011f3b5492f557bbb7a5a19b7fa6d06ba8dcb"
 dependencies = [
  "convert_case",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "rustc_version",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -423,6 +519,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "foldhash 0.2.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.17.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4f467dd6dccf739c208452f8014c75c18bb8301b050ad1cfb27153803edb0f51"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.5.0"
@@ -439,6 +541,7 @@ checksum = "7f24254aa9a54b5c858eaee2f5bccdb46aaf0e486a595ed5fd8f86ba55232a70"
 name = "hexapoda"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "clap",
  "crossterm",
  "itertools",
  "ratatui",
@@ -460,12 +563,12 @@ checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.13.0"
+version = "2.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7714e70437a7dc3ac8eb7e6f8df75fd8eb422675fc7678aff7364301092b1017"
+checksum = "d466e9454f08e4a911e14806c24e16fba1b4c121d1ea474396f396069cf949d9"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "hashbrown 0.17.0",
  "serde",
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -481,17 +584,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "instability"
-version = "0.3.9"
+version = "0.3.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "435d80800b936787d62688c927b6490e887c7ef5ff9ce922c6c6050fca75eb9a"
+checksum = "5eb2d60ef19920a3a9193c3e371f726ec1dafc045dac788d0fb3704272458971"
 dependencies = [
  "darling",
  "indoc",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
+version = "1.70.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -503,15 +612,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.15"
+version = "1.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a5f13b858c8d314ee3e8f639011f7ccefe71f97f96e50151fb991f267928e2c"
+checksum = "8f42a60cbdf9a97f5d2305f08a87dc4e09308d1276d28c869c684d7777685682"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.91"
+version = "0.3.95"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b49715b7073f385ba4bc528e5747d02e66cb39c6146efb66b781f131f0fb399c"
+checksum = "2964e92d1d9dc3364cae4d718d93f227e3abb088e747d92e0395bfdedf1c12ca"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -548,24 +657,24 @@ checksum = "09edd9e8b54e49e587e4f6295a7d29c3ea94d469cb40ab8ca70b288248a81db2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.177"
+version = "0.2.184"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2874a2af47a2325c2001a6e6fad9b16a53b802102b528163885171cf92b15976"
+checksum = "48f5d2a454e16a5ea0f4ced81bd44e4cfc7bd3a507b61887c99fd3538b28e4af"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "line-clipping"
-version = "0.3.5"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f4de44e98ddbf09375cbf4d17714d18f39195f4f4894e8524501726fd9a8a4a"
+checksum = "3f50e8f47623268b5407192d26876c4d7f89d686ca130fdc53bced4814cd29f8"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.11.0"
+version = "0.12.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df1d3c3b53da64cf5760482273a98e575c651a67eec7f77df96b5b642de8f039"
+checksum = "32a66949e030da00e8c7d4434b251670a91556f4144941d37452769c25d58a53"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "litrs"
@@ -584,9 +693,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.28"
+version = "0.4.29"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34080505efa8e45a4b816c349525ebe327ceaa8559756f0356cba97ef3bf7432"
+checksum = "5e5032e24019045c762d3c0f28f5b6b8bbf38563a65908389bf7978758920897"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lru"
@@ -636,9 +745,9 @@ checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "69d83b0086dc8ecf3ce9ae2874b2d1290252e2a30720bea58a5c6639b0092873"
+checksum = "50b7e5b27aa02a74bac8c3f23f448f8d87ff11f92d3aac1a6ed369ee08cc56c1"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
@@ -652,7 +761,7 @@ version = "0.29.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "71e2746dc3a24dd78b3cfcb7be93368c6de9963d30f43a6a73998a9cf4b17b46"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
@@ -671,9 +780,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-conv"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cf97ec579c3c42f953ef76dbf8d55ac91fb219dde70e49aa4a6b7d74e9919050"
+checksum = "c6673768db2d862beb9b39a78fdcb1a69439615d5794a1be50caa9bc92c81967"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-derive"
@@ -683,7 +792,7 @@ checksum = "ed3955f1a9c7c0c15e092f9c887db08b1fc683305fdf6eb6684f22555355e202"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -710,6 +819,12 @@ version = "1.21.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9f7c3e4beb33f85d45ae3e3a1792185706c8e16d043238c593331cc7cd313b50"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "once_cell_polyfill"
+version = "1.70.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ordered-float"
 version = "4.6.0"
@@ -772,7 +887,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pest_meta",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -825,7 +940,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "phf_shared",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -856,23 +971,23 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "479ca8adacdd7ce8f1fb39ce9ecccbfe93a3f1344b3d0d97f20bc0196208f62b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.103"
+version = "1.0.106"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5ee95bc4ef87b8d5ba32e8b7714ccc834865276eab0aed5c9958d00ec45f49e8"
+checksum = "8fd00f0bb2e90d81d1044c2b32617f68fcb9fa3bb7640c23e9c748e53fb30934"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.42"
+version = "1.0.45"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a338cc41d27e6cc6dce6cefc13a0729dfbb81c262b1f519331575dd80ef3067f"
+checksum = "41f2619966050689382d2b44f664f4bc593e129785a36d6ee376ddf37259b924"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -924,7 +1039,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5ef8dea09a92caaf73bff7adb70b76162e5937524058a7e5bff37869cbbec293"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "compact_str",
  "hashbrown 0.16.1",
  "indoc",
@@ -976,7 +1091,7 @@ version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d7dbfa023cd4e604c2553483820c5fe8aa9d71a42eea5aa77c6e7f35756612db"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "hashbrown 0.16.1",
  "indoc",
  "instability",
@@ -995,7 +1110,7 @@ version = "0.5.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed2bf2547551a7053d6fdfafda3f938979645c44812fbfcda098faae3f1a362d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1028,12 +1143,21 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc897dd8d9e8bd1ed8cdad82b5966c3e0ecae09fb1907d58efaa013543185d0a"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "1.1.2"
+name = "rustc_version"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cd15f8a2c5551a84d56efdc1cd049089e409ac19a3072d5037a17fd70719ff3e"
+checksum = "cfcb3a22ef46e85b45de6ee7e79d063319ebb6594faafcf1c225ea92ab6e9b92"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "semver",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "1.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b6fe4565b9518b83ef4f91bb47ce29620ca828bd32cb7e408f0062e9930ba190"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
@@ -1048,9 +1172,9 @@ checksum = "b39cdef0fa800fc44525c84ccb54a029961a8215f9619753635a9c0d2538d46d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.20"
+version = "1.0.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28d3b2b1366ec20994f1fd18c3c594f05c5dd4bc44d8bb0c1c632c8d6829481f"
+checksum = "9774ba4a74de5f7b1c1451ed6cd5285a32eddb5cccb8cc655a4e50009e06477f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
@@ -1060,9 +1184,9 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.27"
+version = "1.0.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d767eb0aabc880b29956c35734170f26ed551a859dbd361d140cdbeca61ab1e2"
+checksum = "8a7852d02fc848982e0c167ef163aaff9cd91dc640ba85e263cb1ce46fae51cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
@@ -1091,7 +1215,7 @@ checksum = "d540f220d3187173da220f885ab66608367b6574e925011a9353e4badda91d79"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1150,10 +1274,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "signal-hook-registry"
-version = "1.4.6"
+version = "1.4.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b2a4719bff48cee6b39d12c020eeb490953ad2443b7055bd0b21fca26bd8c28b"
+checksum = "c4db69cba1110affc0e9f7bcd48bbf87b3f4fc7c61fc9155afd4c469eb3d6c1b"
 dependencies = [
+ "errno",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -1199,7 +1324,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1215,9 +1340,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.110"
+version = "2.0.117"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a99801b5bd34ede4cf3fc688c5919368fea4e4814a4664359503e6015b280aea"
+checksum = "e665b8803e7b1d2a727f4023456bbbbe74da67099c585258af0ad9c5013b9b99"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1253,7 +1378,7 @@ checksum = "4676b37242ccbd1aabf56edb093a4827dc49086c0ffd764a5705899e0f35f8f7"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "fancy-regex",
  "filedescriptor",
  "finl_unicode",
@@ -1313,7 +1438,7 @@ checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1324,7 +1449,7 @@ checksum = "ebc4ee7f67670e9b64d05fa4253e753e016c6c95ff35b89b7941d6b856dec1d5"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1401,15 +1526,15 @@ checksum = "2896d95c02a80c6d6a5d6e953d479f5ddf2dfdb6a244441010e373ac0fb88971"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.22"
+version = "1.0.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9312f7c4f6ff9069b165498234ce8be658059c6728633667c526e27dc2cf1df5"
+checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-segmentation"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f6ccf251212114b54433ec949fd6a7841275f9ada20dddd2f29e9ceea4501493"
+checksum = "9629274872b2bfaf8d66f5f15725007f635594914870f65218920345aa11aa8c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-truncate"
@@ -1442,9 +1567,9 @@ checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.22.0"
+version = "1.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a68d3c8f01c0cfa54a75291d83601161799e4a89a39e0929f4b0354d88757a37"
+checksum = "5ac8b6f42ead25368cf5b098aeb3dc8a1a2c05a3eee8a9a1a68c640edbfc79d9"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
  "getrandom 0.4.2",
@@ -1493,9 +1618,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.114"
+version = "0.2.118"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6532f9a5c1ece3798cb1c2cfdba640b9b3ba884f5db45973a6f442510a87d38e"
+checksum = "0bf938a0bacb0469e83c1e148908bd7d5a6010354cf4fb73279b7447422e3a89"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -1506,9 +1631,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.114"
+version = "0.2.118"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "18a2d50fcf105fb33bb15f00e7a77b772945a2ee45dcf454961fd843e74c18e6"
+checksum = "eeff24f84126c0ec2db7a449f0c2ec963c6a49efe0698c4242929da037ca28ed"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -1516,22 +1641,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.114"
+version = "0.2.118"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "03ce4caeaac547cdf713d280eda22a730824dd11e6b8c3ca9e42247b25c631e3"
+checksum = "9d08065faf983b2b80a79fd87d8254c409281cf7de75fc4b773019824196c904"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.114"
+version = "0.2.118"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75a326b8c223ee17883a4251907455a2431acc2791c98c26279376490c378c16"
+checksum = "5fd04d9e306f1907bd13c6361b5c6bfc7b3b3c095ed3f8a9246390f8dbdee129"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -1564,7 +1689,7 @@ version = "0.244.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "47b807c72e1bac69382b3a6fb3dbe8ea4c0ed87ff5629b8685ae6b9a611028fe"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "hashbrown 0.15.5",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
@@ -1715,7 +1840,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "indexmap",
  "prettyplease",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
  "wasm-metadata",
  "wit-bindgen-core",
  "wit-component",
@@ -1731,7 +1856,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "prettyplease",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.110",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
  "wit-bindgen-core",
  "wit-bindgen-rust",
 ]
@@ -1743,7 +1868,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "indexmap",
  "log",
  "serde",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 42bbfc0..8c4495f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ license = "GPL-3.0-only"
 edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.6.0", features = ["derive"] }
 crossterm = { version = "0.29.0", features = ["serde"] }
 itertools = "0.14.0"
 ratatui = "0.30.0"
diff --git a/src/action.rs b/src/action.rs
index 6652375..cf707f5 100644
--- a/src/action.rs
+++ b/src/action.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-use std::{cmp::min, collections::hash_set::Entry, convert::identity, fs::File, io::Write, iter, mem::{replace, swap}};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{style::{Color, Stylize}, text::Span};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use crate::{BYTES_OF_PADDING, BYTES_PER_LINE, LINES_OF_PADDING, app::WindowSize, buffer::{Buffer, InspectionStatus, Mode, PartialAction, Popup}, cursor::Cursor, edit_action::EditAction};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -559,922 +555,3 @@ impl TryFrom<&str> for CursorAction {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-impl Buffer {
-	pub fn execute(&mut self, action: BufferAction, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		match action {
-			BufferAction::NormalMode => self.normal_mode(),
-			BufferAction::SelectMode => self.select_mode(),
-			
-			BufferAction::Goto => self.goto(),
-			BufferAction::View => self.view(),
-			BufferAction::Replace => self.replace(),
-			BufferAction::Space => self.space(),
-			BufferAction::Repeat => self.repeat(),
-			BufferAction::To => self.to(),
-			
-			BufferAction::ScrollDown => self.scroll_down(window_size),
-			BufferAction::ScrollUp => self.scroll_up(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::PageCursorHalfDown => self.page_cursor_half_down(window_size),
-			BufferAction::PageCursorHalfUp => self.page_cursor_half_up(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::PageDown => self.page_down(window_size),
-			BufferAction::PageUp => self.page_up(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::CollapseSelection => self.collapse_selection(),
-			BufferAction::FlipSelections => self.flip_selection(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::Delete => self.delete(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::Undo => self.undo(window_size),
-			BufferAction::Redo => self.redo(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::Save => self.save(),
-			
-			BufferAction::CopySelectionOnNextLine => self.copy_selection_on_next_line(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::RotateSelectionsBackward => self.rotate_selections_backward(window_size),
-			BufferAction::RotateSelectionsForward => self.rotate_selections_forward(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::KeepPrimarySelection => self.keep_primary_selection(),
-			BufferAction::RemovePrimarySelection => self.remove_primary_selection(),
-			
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto1s => self.split_selections_into_size(1, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto2s => self.split_selections_into_size(2, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto3s => self.split_selections_into_size(3, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto4s => self.split_selections_into_size(4, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto5s => self.split_selections_into_size(5, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto6s => self.split_selections_into_size(6, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto7s => self.split_selections_into_size(7, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto8s => self.split_selections_into_size(8, window_size),
-			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto9s => self.split_selections_into_size(9, window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::JumpToSelectedOffset => self.jump_to_selected_offset(window_size),
-			BufferAction::JumpToSelectedOffsetRelativeToMark => self.jump_to_selected_offset_relative_to_mark(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::ToggleMark => self.toggle_mark(),
-			
-			BufferAction::AlignViewCenter => self.align_view_center(window_size),
-			BufferAction::AlignViewBottom => self.align_view_bottom(window_size),
-			BufferAction::AlignViewTop => self.align_view_top(),
-			
-			BufferAction::ExtendToMark => self.extend_to_mark(window_size),
-			BufferAction::ExtendToNull => self.extend_to_null(window_size),
-			BufferAction::ExtendToFF => self.extend_to_FF(window_size),
-			
-			BufferAction::InspectSelection => self.inspect_selection(),
-			BufferAction::InspectSelectionColor => self.inspect_selection_color(),
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn normal_mode(&mut self) {
-		self.mode = Mode::Normal;
-	}
-	
-	const fn select_mode(&mut self) {
-		self.mode = Mode::Select;
-	}
-	
-	const fn goto(&mut self) {
-		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Goto);
-	}
-	
-	const fn view(&mut self) {
-		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::View);
-	}
-	
-	const fn replace(&mut self) {
-		if !self.contents.is_empty() {
-			self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Replace);
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn space(&mut self) {
-		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Space);
-	}
-	
-	const fn repeat(&mut self) {
-		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Repeat);
-	}
-	
-	const fn to(&mut self) {
-		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::To);
-	}
-	
-	pub fn scroll_down(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if self.contents.len() <= BYTES_OF_PADDING { return; }
-		
-		self.scroll_position = min(
-			self.scroll_position + BYTES_PER_LINE,
-			self.contents.len() - BYTES_OF_PADDING - self.contents.len() % BYTES_PER_LINE
-		);
-		
-		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
-				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
-				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
-			);
-		} else {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
-		}
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-	}
-	
-	pub fn scroll_up(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		self.scroll_position = self.scroll_position.saturating_sub(BYTES_PER_LINE);
-		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
-				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
-				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
-			);
-		} else {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
-		}
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-	}
-	
-	fn page_cursor_half_down(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if self.contents.len() <= BYTES_OF_PADDING { return; }
-		
-		let old_scroll_position = self.scroll_position;
-		
-		self.scroll_position = min(
-			self.scroll_position + (window_size.visible_byte_count() / 2).next_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE),
-			self.contents.len() - BYTES_OF_PADDING - self.contents.len() % BYTES_PER_LINE
-		);
-		
-		let scroll_position_change = self.scroll_position - old_scroll_position;
-		let max_contents_index = self.max_contents_index();
-		
-		self.primary_cursor.head = min(
-			self.primary_cursor.head + scroll_position_change,
-			max_contents_index
-		);
-		self.primary_cursor.tail = min(
-			self.primary_cursor.tail + scroll_position_change,
-			max_contents_index
-		);
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			cursor.head = (cursor.head + scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
-			cursor.tail = (cursor.tail + scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
-		}
-		
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-	}
-	
-	fn page_cursor_half_up(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		let old_scroll_position = self.scroll_position;
-		
-		self.scroll_position = self.scroll_position.saturating_sub(
-			(window_size.visible_byte_count() / 2).next_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE)
-		);
-		
-		let scroll_position_change = old_scroll_position - self.scroll_position;
-		let max_contents_index = self.max_contents_index();
-		
-		self.primary_cursor.head = min(
-			self.primary_cursor.head - scroll_position_change,
-			max_contents_index
-		);
-		self.primary_cursor.tail = min(
-			self.primary_cursor.tail - scroll_position_change,
-			max_contents_index
-		);
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			cursor.head = (cursor.head - scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
-			cursor.tail = (cursor.tail - scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
-		}
-		
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-	}
-	
-	fn page_down(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if self.contents.len() <= BYTES_OF_PADDING { return; }
-		
-		self.scroll_position = min(
-			self.scroll_position + window_size.visible_byte_count(),
-			self.max_contents_index() - BYTES_OF_PADDING - self.max_contents_index() % BYTES_PER_LINE
-		);
-		
-		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
-				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
-				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
-			);
-		} else {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
-		}
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-	}
-	
-	fn page_up(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		self.scroll_position = self.scroll_position.saturating_sub(
-			window_size.visible_byte_count()
-		);
-		
-		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
-				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
-				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
-			);
-		} else {
-			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
-		}
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-	}
-	
-	fn collapse_selection(&mut self) {
-		self.primary_cursor.collapse();
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			cursor.collapse();
-		}
-	}
-	
-	fn flip_selection(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		self.primary_cursor.flip();
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			cursor.flip();
-		}
-		
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn delete(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if !self.contents.is_empty() {
-			self.execute_and_add(
-				EditAction::Delete {
-					primary_cursor: self.primary_cursor,
-					cursors: self.cursors.clone(),
-					primary_old_data: self.contents[self.primary_cursor.range()].into(),
-					old_data: self.cursors
-						.iter()
-						.map(|cursor| self.contents[cursor.range()].to_vec())
-						.collect(),
-				},
-				window_size
-			);
-		}
-		
-		if self.mode == Mode::Select {
-			self.mode = Mode::Normal;
-		}
-	}
-	
-	fn undo(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if self.time_traveling == Some(0) || self.edit_history.is_empty() { return; }
-		
-		let current_date = self.time_traveling
-			.map_or(self.edit_history.len() - 1, |date| date - 1);
-		
-		self.time_traveling = Some(current_date);
-		
-		let edit_action = replace(
-			&mut self.edit_history[current_date],
-			EditAction::Placeholder
-		);
-		
-		self.undo_edit(&edit_action, window_size);
-		
-		self.edit_history[current_date] = edit_action;
-	}
-	
-	fn redo(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		let Some(previous_date) = self.time_traveling else { return; };
-		
-		let current_date = previous_date + 1;
-		
-		self.time_traveling = if current_date == self.edit_history.len() {
-			None
-		} else {
-			Some(current_date)
-		};
-		
-		let edit_action = replace(
-			&mut self.edit_history[previous_date],
-			EditAction::Placeholder
-		);
-		
-		self.execute_edit(&edit_action, window_size);
-		
-		self.edit_history[previous_date] = edit_action;
-	}
-	
-	fn save(&mut self) {
-		let mut file = File::create(&self.file_path).unwrap();
-		file.write_all(&self.contents).unwrap();
-		
-		self.last_saved_at = Some(
-			self.time_traveling.unwrap_or(self.edit_history.len())
-		);
-	}
-	
-	fn copy_selection_on_next_line(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		let new_cursors: Vec<Cursor> = iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-			.chain(&self.cursors)
-			.filter_map(|cursor| {
-				let number_of_lines_tall = (cursor.upper_bound() - cursor.lower_bound()) / BYTES_PER_LINE;
-				let offset_to_add = (number_of_lines_tall + 1) * BYTES_PER_LINE;
-				
-				if cursor.lower_bound() + offset_to_add < self.contents.len() {
-					Some(
-						Cursor {
-							head: min(cursor.head + offset_to_add, self.max_contents_index()),
-							tail: min(cursor.tail + offset_to_add, self.max_contents_index())
-						}
-					)
-				} else {
-					None
-				}
-			})
-			.collect();
-		
-		self.cursors.extend(new_cursors);
-		self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
-		
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-		
-		self.rotate_selections_forward(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn rotate_selections_backward(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if self.cursors.is_empty() { return; }
-		
-		let next_cursor_index = self.cursors
-			.binary_search_by_key(&self.primary_cursor.head, |cursor| cursor.head)
-			.unwrap_or_else(identity);
-		
-		
-		if next_cursor_index == 0 {
-			let cursor_count = self.cursors.len();
-			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[cursor_count - 1]);
-			
-			self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
-		} else {
-			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[next_cursor_index - 1]);
-		}
-		
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn rotate_selections_forward(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if self.cursors.is_empty() { return; }
-		
-		let next_cursor_index = self.cursors
-			.binary_search_by_key(&self.primary_cursor.head, |cursor| cursor.head)
-			.unwrap_or_else(identity);
-		
-		if next_cursor_index == self.cursors.len() {
-			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[0]);
-			
-			self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
-		} else {
-			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[next_cursor_index]);
-		}
-		
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn keep_primary_selection(&mut self) {
-		self.cursors.clear();
-	}
-	
-	fn remove_primary_selection(&mut self) {
-		if self.cursors.is_empty() { return; }
-		
-		let next_cursor_index = self.cursors
-			.binary_search_by_key(&self.primary_cursor.head, |cursor| cursor.head)
-			.unwrap_or_else(identity);
-		
-		if next_cursor_index == self.cursors.len() {
-			self.primary_cursor = self.cursors.remove(0);
-		} else {
-			self.primary_cursor = self.cursors.remove(next_cursor_index);
-		}
-	}
-	
-	fn split_selections_into_size(&mut self, size: usize, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if !iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-			.chain(&self.cursors)
-			.all(|cursor| cursor.len().is_multiple_of(size))
-		{
-			self.alert_message = Span::from(
-				format!("not all selections are a multiple of {size} long")
-			).red();
-			return;
-		}
-		
-		let mut new_cursors = iter::once(self.primary_cursor)
-			.chain(self.cursors.iter().copied())
-			.flat_map(|cursor| {
-				cursor
-					.range()
-					.step_by(size)
-					.map(|tail| Cursor { head: tail + size - 1, tail })
-			});
-		
-		self.primary_cursor = new_cursors.next().unwrap();
-		self.cursors = new_cursors.collect();
-		
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn jump_to_selected_offset(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if !iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-			.chain(&self.cursors)
-			.all(|cursor| {
-				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()])
-					.map(|nat| nat as usize)
-					.is_some_and(|offset| offset < self.contents.len())
-			})
-		{
-			if self.cursors.is_empty() {
-				self.alert_message = Span::from(
-					"selection is not a valid offset"
-				).red();
-			} else {
-				self.alert_message = Span::from(
-					"not all selections are valid offsets"
-				).red();
-			}
-			return;
-		}
-		
-		self.primary_cursor = Cursor::at(
-			bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[self.primary_cursor.range()]).unwrap() as usize
-		);
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			*cursor = Cursor::at(
-				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()]).unwrap() as usize
-			);
-		}
-		
-		self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
-		
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn jump_to_selected_offset_relative_to_mark(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		let mut sorted_marks: Vec<_> = self.marks.iter().copied().collect();
-		sorted_marks.sort_unstable();
-		
-		if !iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-			.chain(&self.cursors)
-			.all(|cursor| {
-				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()])
-					.map(|offset| mark_before(cursor.lower_bound(), &sorted_marks) + offset as usize)
-					.is_some_and(|offset| offset < self.contents.len())
-			})
-		{
-			if self.cursors.is_empty() {
-				self.alert_message = Span::from(
-					"selection is not a valid offset"
-				).red();
-			} else {
-				self.alert_message = Span::from(
-					"not all selections are valid offsets"
-				).red();
-			}
-			return;
-		}
-		
-		self.primary_cursor = Cursor::at(
-			bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[self.primary_cursor.range()])
-				.map(|offset| {
-					mark_before(self.primary_cursor.lower_bound(), &sorted_marks) + offset as usize
-				})
-				.unwrap()
-		);
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			*cursor = Cursor::at(
-				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()])
-				.map(|offset| {
-					mark_before(cursor.lower_bound(), &sorted_marks) + offset as usize
-				})
-				.unwrap()
-			);
-		}
-		
-		self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
-		
-		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn toggle_mark(&mut self) {
-		match self.marks.entry(self.primary_cursor.lower_bound()) {
-			Entry::Occupied(occupied_entry) => { occupied_entry.remove(); },
-			Entry::Vacant(vacant_entry) => vacant_entry.insert(),
-		}
-		
-		for cursor in &self.cursors {
-			match self.marks.entry(cursor.lower_bound()) {
-				Entry::Occupied(occupied_entry) => { occupied_entry.remove(); },
-				Entry::Vacant(vacant_entry) => vacant_entry.insert(),
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn align_view_center(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		let half_a_screen = window_size.visible_byte_count() / 2;
-		
-		self.scroll_position = self.primary_cursor.head
-			.saturating_sub(self.primary_cursor.head % BYTES_PER_LINE)
-			.saturating_sub(half_a_screen - (half_a_screen % BYTES_PER_LINE));
-	}
-	
-	fn align_view_bottom(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		self.scroll_position = self.primary_cursor.head
-			.saturating_sub(self.primary_cursor.head % BYTES_PER_LINE)
-			.saturating_sub(
-				window_size
-					.visible_byte_count()
-					.saturating_sub(BYTES_PER_LINE + BYTES_OF_PADDING)
-			)
-			.min(self.max_contents_index() - self.max_contents_index() % BYTES_PER_LINE);
-	}
-	
-	const fn align_view_top(&mut self) {
-		self.scroll_position = self.primary_cursor.head
-			.saturating_sub(self.primary_cursor.head % BYTES_PER_LINE)
-			.saturating_sub(BYTES_OF_PADDING);
-	}
-	
-	fn extend_to_mark(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		let mut sorted_marks: Vec<_> = self.marks.iter().copied().collect();
-		sorted_marks.sort_unstable();
-		
-		let max_contents_index = self.max_contents_index();
-		
-		let mark_after_primary = mark_after(
-			self.primary_cursor.head,
-			&sorted_marks,
-			max_contents_index
-		);
-		
-		self.primary_cursor.tail = self.primary_cursor.head;
-		self.primary_cursor.head = mark_after_primary - 1;
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			let mark_after_cursor = mark_after(
-				cursor.head,
-				&sorted_marks,
-				max_contents_index
-			);
-			
-			cursor.tail = cursor.head;
-			cursor.head = mark_after_cursor - 1;
-		}
-		
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	fn extend_to_null(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[self.primary_cursor.head..]
-			.iter()
-			.skip(1)
-			.position(|&byte| byte == 0)
-		{
-			self.primary_cursor.tail = self.primary_cursor.head;
-			self.primary_cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
-		}
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[cursor.head..]
-				.iter()
-				.skip(1)
-				.position(|&byte| byte == 0)
-			{
-				cursor.tail = cursor.head;
-				cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
-			}
-		}
-		
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	#[allow(non_snake_case)]
-	fn extend_to_FF(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[self.primary_cursor.head..]
-			.iter()
-			.skip(1)
-			.position(|&byte| byte == 0xFF)
-		{
-			self.primary_cursor.tail = self.primary_cursor.head;
-			self.primary_cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
-		}
-		
-		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
-			if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[cursor.head..]
-				.iter()
-				.skip(1)
-				.position(|&byte| byte == 0xFF)
-			{
-				cursor.tail = cursor.head;
-				cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
-			}
-		}
-		
-		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
-	}
-	
-	#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
-	fn inspect_selection(&mut self) {
-		if self.inspection_status == Some(InspectionStatus::Normal) {
-			self.inspection_status = None;
-			return;
-		}
-		
-		self.inspection_status = Some(InspectionStatus::Normal);
-		
-		self.popups.extend(
-			iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-				.chain(&self.cursors)
-				.filter_map(|cursor| {
-					let selection = &self.contents[cursor.range()];
-					
-					let popup_lines = inspect(selection);
-					
-					if popup_lines.is_empty() {
-						None
-					} else {
-						Some(Popup::new(cursor.lower_bound(), popup_lines))
-					}
-				})
-				.sorted_unstable_by_key(|popup| popup.at)
-		);
-		
-		if self.popups.is_empty() {
-			self.inspection_status = None;
-		}
-	}
-	
-	fn inspect_selection_color(&mut self) {
-		if self.inspection_status == Some(InspectionStatus::ColorsOnly) {
-			self.inspection_status = None;
-			return;
-		}
-		
-		self.inspection_status = Some(InspectionStatus::ColorsOnly);
-		
-		self.popups.extend(
-			iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-				.chain(&self.cursors)
-				.filter_map(|cursor| {
-					let selection = &self.contents[cursor.range()];
-					
-					let popup_lines = inspect_color(selection);
-					
-					if popup_lines.is_empty() {
-						None
-					} else {
-						Some(Popup::new(cursor.lower_bound(), popup_lines))
-					}
-				})
-				.sorted_unstable_by_key(|popup| popup.at)
-		);
-		
-		if self.popups.is_empty() {
-			self.inspection_status = None;
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-fn inspect(selection: &[u8]) -> Vec<Span<'static>> {
-	let nat = bytes_to_nat(selection);
-	
-	let int = nat.and_then(|nat| nat_to_int_if_different(nat, selection.len()));
-	
-	let utf8 = str::from_utf8(selection).ok()
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 1)
-		.map(|utf8| utf8.trim_suffix('\0'))
-		.filter(|utf8| !utf8.contains(is_illegal_control_character))
-		.map(|utf8| Span::from(format!("\"{utf8}\"")).red());
-	
-	let fixedpoint2012 = nat
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
-		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u32) / f64::from(1 << 12))
-		.map(|fixedpoint2012| {
-			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint2012 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
-			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
-			
-			format!("20.12: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint2012:.2}").into()
-		});
-	
-	let fixedpoint2012_signed = int
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
-		.map(|int| f64::from(int as i32) / f64::from(1 << 12))
-		.map(|fixedpoint2012_signed| {
-			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint2012_signed * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
-			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
-			
-			format!("i20.12: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint2012_signed:.2}").into()
-		});
-	
-	let fixedpoint1616 = nat
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
-		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u32) / f64::from(1 << 16))
-		.map(|fixedpoint1616| {
-			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint1616 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
-			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
-			
-			format!("16.16: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint1616:.2}").into()
-		});
-	
-	let fixedpoint1616_signed = int
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
-		.map(|int| f64::from(int as i32) / f64::from(1 << 16))
-		.map(|fixedpoint1616_signed| {
-			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint1616_signed * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
-			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
-			
-			format!("i16.16: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint1616_signed:.2}").into()
-		});
-	
-	let fixedpoint124 = nat
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
-		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u16) / f64::from(1 << 4))
-		.map(|fixedpoint124| {
-			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint124 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
-			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
-			
-			format!("12.4: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint124:.2}").into()
-		});
-	
-	let fixedpoint88 = nat
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
-		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u16) / f64::from(1 << 8))
-		.map(|fixedpoint88| {
-			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint88 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
-			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
-			
-			format!("8.8: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint88:.2}").into()
-		});
-	
-	let fixedpoint412 = nat
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
-		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u16) / f64::from(1 << 12))
-		.map(|fixedpoint412| {
-			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint412 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
-			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
-			
-			format!("4.12: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint412:.2}").into()
-		});
-	
-	let color888 = (selection.len() == 3)
-		.then(|| [selection[0], selection[1], selection[2]])
-		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
-			Span::from(format!("#{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
-				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
-			
-		});
-	
-	let color555 = nat
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
-		.filter(|&nat| nat >> 15 == 0)
-		.map(|nat| color555_to_color888(nat as u16))
-		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
-			Span::from(format!("555: #{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
-				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
-			
-		});
-	
-	int.map(|int| format!("{int}").into())
-		.into_iter()
-		.chain(nat.map(|nat| format!("{nat}").into()))
-		.chain(utf8)
-		.chain(fixedpoint2012_signed)
-		.chain(fixedpoint2012)
-		.chain(fixedpoint1616_signed)
-		.chain(fixedpoint1616)
-		.chain(fixedpoint124)
-		.chain(fixedpoint88)
-		.chain(fixedpoint412)
-		.chain(color888)
-		.chain(color555)
-		.collect()
-}
-
-fn inspect_color(selection: &[u8]) -> Vec<Span<'static>> {
-	let nat = bytes_to_nat(selection);
-	
-	let color888 = (selection.len() == 3)
-		.then(|| [selection[0], selection[1], selection[2]])
-		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
-			Span::from(format!("#{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
-				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
-			
-		});
-	
-	let color555 = nat
-		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
-		.filter(|&nat| nat >> 15 == 0)
-		.map(|nat| color555_to_color888(nat as u16))
-		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
-			Span::from(format!("#{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
-				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
-			
-		});
-	
-	color888
-		.into_iter()
-		.chain(color555)
-		.collect()
-}
-
-// helpers
-impl Buffer {
-	pub fn clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
-		if self.primary_cursor.head < self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING {
-			self.align_view_top();
-		} else if self.primary_cursor.head > self.scroll_position + (window_size.visible_byte_count() - 1).saturating_sub(BYTES_OF_PADDING) {
-			self.align_view_bottom(window_size);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-pub fn bytes_to_nat(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<u64> {
-	bytes
-		.iter()
-		.rev() // little-endian
-		.skip_while(|&&byte| byte == 0)
-		.try_fold(u64::default(), |result, &byte| {
-			Some(result.shl_exact(8)? | u64::from(byte))
-		})
-}
-
-const fn nat_to_int_if_different(nat: u64, bytes: usize) -> Option<i64> {
-	match bytes {
-		1 if nat >  i8::MAX as u64 => Some((nat as u8).cast_signed() as i64),
-		2 if nat > i16::MAX as u64 => Some((nat as u16).cast_signed() as i64),
-		4 if nat > i32::MAX as u64 => Some((nat as u32).cast_signed() as i64),
-		8 if nat > i64::MAX as u64 => Some(nat.cast_signed()),
-		_ => None,
-	}
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn nat_to_int_tests() {
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(0, 1), None);
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i8::MAX as u64,     1), None);
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i8::MAX as u64 + 1, 1), Some(i8::MIN.into()));
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(u8::MAX.into(),     1), Some(-1));
-	
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(0, 2), None);
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i16::MAX as u64,     2), None);
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i16::MAX as u64 + 1, 2), Some(i16::MIN.into()));
-	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(u16::MAX.into(),     2), Some(-1));
-}
-
-// or 0 if no mark is before
-fn mark_before(offset: usize, sorted_marks: &[usize]) -> usize {
-	match sorted_marks.binary_search(&offset) {
-		Ok(_) => offset,
-		Err(0) => 0,
-		Err(mark_after_index) => sorted_marks[mark_after_index - 1],
-	}
-}
-
-// or end index if no mark is after
-fn mark_after(offset: usize, sorted_marks: &[usize], max: usize) -> usize {
-	if sorted_marks.is_empty() { return max + 1; }
-	
-	match sorted_marks.binary_search(&offset) {
-		Ok(mark_before_index) => if mark_before_index == sorted_marks.len() - 1 {
-			max + 1
-		} else {
-			sorted_marks[mark_before_index + 1]
-		},
-		Err(mark_after_index) => {
-			if mark_after_index == sorted_marks.len() {
-				max + 1
-			} else {
-				sorted_marks[mark_after_index]
-			}
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-const fn is_illegal_control_character(character: char) -> bool {
-	match character {
-		'\t' | '\n' | '\r' => false,
-		_ if character.is_ascii_control() => true,
-		_ => false,
-	}
-}
-
-const fn color555_to_color888(color555: u16) -> [u8; 3] {
-	[
-		// 8 is the ratio between the number of colors in 555 vs 888 (32:256)
-		(color555       & 0b11111) as u8 * 8,
-		(color555 >>  5 & 0b11111) as u8 * 8,
-		(color555 >> 10 & 0b11111) as u8 * 8
-	]
-}
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app.rs
similarity index 74%
rename from src/app/mod.rs
rename to src/app.rs
index 32b52a6..2d10350 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-use std::{env, io, path::PathBuf, process::exit, time::Duration};
+use std::{io, path::PathBuf, process::exit, time::Duration};
 use crossterm::{ExecutableCommand, event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyModifiers, MouseEvent, MouseEventKind}, terminal::window_size};
 use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, style::Stylize, text::Span};
-use crate::{BYTES_PER_LINE, action::AppAction, buffer::Buffer, config::{Config, ConfigInitError}, cursor::Cursor};
+use crate::{BYTES_PER_LINE, action::AppAction, buffer::Buffer, config::{Config, ConfigInitError}, cursor::Cursor, window_size::WindowSize};
 
 mod widget;
-
-const MACOS_STDIN_BROKEN_MESSAGE: &str = "reading from stdin on macOS does not work due to a limitation in crossterm. see https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm/issues/396";
+mod actions;
 
 pub struct App {
 	pub config: Config,
@@ -23,16 +22,13 @@ pub struct App {
 	pub logs: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct WindowSize {
-	pub rows: usize,
-	pub covered_rows: usize,
-}
-
 impl App {
-	pub fn new() -> Self {
+	pub fn new(
+		config_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+		files: &[PathBuf],
+	) -> Self {
 		let config = {
-			let config = Config::init();
+			let config = Config::init(config_path);
 			
 			match &config {
 				Err(ConfigInitError::IO(io_error)) if io_error.kind() != io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
@@ -56,10 +52,9 @@ impl App {
 		
 		let mut error_alert: Option<Span> = None;
 		
-		let mut buffers: Vec<Buffer> = env::args()
-			.skip(1)
-			.map(Into::into)
-			.filter_map(|path: PathBuf| {
+		let mut buffers: Vec<Buffer> = files
+			.iter()
+			.filter_map(|path| {
 				Buffer::from_file_at(path.clone())
 					.inspect_err(|error| {
 						error_alert = Some(
@@ -70,9 +65,9 @@ impl App {
 			})
 			.collect();
 		
-		if env::args().len() <= 1 {
+		if files.is_empty() {
 			#[cfg(target_os = "macos")] {
-				eprintln!("{MACOS_STDIN_BROKEN_MESSAGE}");
+				eprintln!("please provide at least one file as input. use --help for options");
 				exit(1);
 			}
 			
@@ -137,7 +132,7 @@ impl App {
 					if error.kind() == ErrorKind::Other {
 						let error_message = error.to_string();
 						if error_message == "Failed to initialize input reader" {
-							eprintln!("{MACOS_STDIN_BROKEN_MESSAGE}");
+							eprintln!("reading from stdin on macOS does not work due to a limitation in crossterm. see https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm/issues/396");
 							exit(1);
 						}
 					}
@@ -244,59 +239,4 @@ impl App {
 			_ => (),
 		}
 	}
-	
-	fn quit_if_saved(&mut self) {
-		if self.buffers.iter().all(Buffer::all_changes_saved) {
-			self.quit();
-		} else {
-			self.buffers[self.current_buffer_index].alert_message = Span::from(
-				"there are unsaved changes, use Q to override"
-			).red();
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn quit(&mut self) {
-		self.should_quit = true;
-	}
-	
-	const fn previous_buffer(&mut self) {
-		if self.current_buffer_index == 0 {
-			self.current_buffer_index = self.buffers.len() - 1;
-		} else {
-			self.current_buffer_index -= 1;
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn next_buffer(&mut self) {
-		if self.current_buffer_index == self.buffers.len() - 1 {
-			self.current_buffer_index = 0;
-		} else {
-			self.current_buffer_index += 1;
-		}
-	}
-	
-	fn yank(&mut self) {
-		let current_buffer = &self.buffers[self.current_buffer_index];
-		
-		self.primary_cursor_register = current_buffer
-			.contents[current_buffer.primary_cursor.range()]
-			.to_vec();
-		
-		self.other_cursor_registers = current_buffer.cursors
-			.iter()
-			.map(|cursor| {
-				current_buffer.contents[cursor.range()].to_vec()
-			})
-			.collect();
-	}
-}
-
-impl WindowSize {
-	pub const fn visible_byte_count(&self) -> usize {
-		self.hex_rows() * BYTES_PER_LINE
-	}
-	
-	pub const fn hex_rows(&self) -> usize {
-		self.rows - self.covered_rows
-	}
 }
diff --git a/src/app/actions.rs b/src/app/actions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1336c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/actions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use ratatui::{style::Stylize, text::Span};
+
+use crate::{app::App, buffer::Buffer};
+
+impl App {
+	pub fn quit_if_saved(&mut self) {
+		if self.buffers.iter().all(Buffer::all_changes_saved) {
+			self.quit();
+		} else {
+			self.buffers[self.current_buffer_index].alert_message = Span::from(
+				"there are unsaved changes, use Q to override"
+			).red();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn quit(&mut self) {
+		self.should_quit = true;
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn previous_buffer(&mut self) {
+		if self.current_buffer_index == 0 {
+			self.current_buffer_index = self.buffers.len() - 1;
+		} else {
+			self.current_buffer_index -= 1;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn next_buffer(&mut self) {
+		if self.current_buffer_index == self.buffers.len() - 1 {
+			self.current_buffer_index = 0;
+		} else {
+			self.current_buffer_index += 1;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub fn yank(&mut self) {
+		let current_buffer = &self.buffers[self.current_buffer_index];
+		
+		self.primary_cursor_register = current_buffer
+			.contents[current_buffer.primary_cursor.range()]
+			.to_vec();
+		
+		self.other_cursor_registers = current_buffer.cursors
+			.iter()
+			.map(|cursor| {
+				current_buffer.contents[cursor.range()].to_vec()
+			})
+			.collect();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/arguments.rs b/src/arguments.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..774c2ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arguments.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(version, about)]
+pub struct Arguments {
+	/// specify a file to use for configuration
+	#[arg(short, long, value_name = "file")]
+	pub config: Option<PathBuf>,
+	
+	/// the input files to edit
+	#[arg(value_name = "files")]
+	pub files: Vec<PathBuf>,
+}
diff --git a/src/buffer/mod.rs b/src/buffer.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from src/buffer/mod.rs
rename to src/buffer.rs
index 8484e1f..881d7eb 100644
--- a/src/buffer/mod.rs
+++ b/src/buffer.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use core::slice::GetDisjointMutIndex;
 use std::{collections::HashSet, fs::File, io::{self, Read}, path::PathBuf};
 use crossterm::event::KeyEvent;
-use ratatui::{layout::{Constraint, Rect}, style::{Color, Style, Stylize}, text::Span, widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Widget}};
+use ratatui::{style::Stylize, text::Span};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use crate::{BYTES_PER_LINE, action::{Action, AppAction, bytes_to_nat}, app::WindowSize, config::Config, cursor::Cursor, edit_action::EditAction};
+use crate::{BYTES_PER_LINE, action::{Action, AppAction}, buffer::actions::bytes_to_nat, config::Config, cursor::Cursor, edit_action::EditAction, popup::Popup, window_size::WindowSize};
 
 mod widget;
+mod actions;
 
 pub struct Buffer {
 	pub file_name: String,
@@ -51,52 +52,11 @@ pub enum PartialAction {
 	Goto, View, Replace, Space, Repeat, To
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Popup {
-	pub at: usize,
-	width: u16,
-	primary: bool,
-	lines: Vec<Span<'static>>
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum InspectionStatus {
 	Normal, ColorsOnly
 }
 
-impl Mode {
-	pub const fn label(self) -> &'static str {
-		match self {
-			Self::Normal => " NORMAL ",
-			Self::Select => " SELECT ",
-			Self::Insert => " INSERT ",
-		}
-	}
-	
-	pub const fn color(self) -> Color {
-		match self {
-			Self::Normal => Color::Blue,
-			Self::Select => Color::Yellow,
-			Self::Insert => Color::Green,
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-impl PartialAction {
-	pub const fn label(self) -> &'static str {
-		use PartialAction::*;
-		
-		match self {
-			Goto => "g",
-			View => "z",
-			Replace => "r",
-			Space => "␠",
-			Repeat => "×",
-			To => "t",
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 impl TryFrom<&str> for PartialAction {
 	type Error = ();
 	
@@ -115,61 +75,6 @@ impl TryFrom<&str> for PartialAction {
 	}
 }
 
-impl Popup {
-	pub fn new(at: usize, lines: Vec<Span<'static>>) -> Self {
-		Self {
-			at,
-			width: lines
-				.iter()
-				.map(|line| line.width() as u16)
-				.max()
-				.unwrap_or(0),
-			primary: false,
-			lines
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn area_at(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Rect {
-		Rect {
-			x,
-			y,
-			width: self.width + 2,
-			height: self.lines.len() as u16
-		}
-	}
-	
-	#[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
-	const fn as_primary(mut self) -> Self {
-		self.primary = true;
-		self
-	}
-}
-
-impl Widget for Popup {
-	fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut ratatui::prelude::Buffer) {
-		Clear.render(area, buf);
-		
-		let border_color = if self.primary {
-			Style::new().white()
-		} else {
-			Style::new().gray()
-		};
-		
-		Block::new()
-			.on_dark_gray()
-			.borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-			.border_style(border_color)
-			.render(area, buf);
-		
-		for (line, area) in self.lines.iter().zip(area.rows()) {
-			line.render(
-				area.centered_horizontally(Constraint::Length(line.width() as u16)),
-				buf
-			);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 impl Buffer {
 	pub fn from_file_at(file_path: PathBuf) -> io::Result<Self> {
 		let mut file = File::open(&file_path)?;
diff --git a/src/buffer/actions.rs b/src/buffer/actions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa41ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/buffer/actions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+use std::{cmp::min, collections::hash_set::Entry, convert::identity, fs::File, io::Write, iter, mem::{replace, swap}};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{style::{Color, Stylize}, text::Span};
+use crate::{BYTES_OF_PADDING, BYTES_PER_LINE, LINES_OF_PADDING, action::BufferAction, buffer::{Buffer, InspectionStatus, Mode, PartialAction}, cursor::Cursor, edit_action::EditAction, popup::Popup, window_size::WindowSize};
+
+impl Buffer {
+	pub fn execute(&mut self, action: BufferAction, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		match action {
+			BufferAction::NormalMode => self.normal_mode(),
+			BufferAction::SelectMode => self.select_mode(),
+			
+			BufferAction::Goto => self.goto(),
+			BufferAction::View => self.view(),
+			BufferAction::Replace => self.replace(),
+			BufferAction::Space => self.space(),
+			BufferAction::Repeat => self.repeat(),
+			BufferAction::To => self.to(),
+			
+			BufferAction::ScrollDown => self.scroll_down(window_size),
+			BufferAction::ScrollUp => self.scroll_up(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::PageCursorHalfDown => self.page_cursor_half_down(window_size),
+			BufferAction::PageCursorHalfUp => self.page_cursor_half_up(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::PageDown => self.page_down(window_size),
+			BufferAction::PageUp => self.page_up(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::CollapseSelection => self.collapse_selection(),
+			BufferAction::FlipSelections => self.flip_selection(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::Delete => self.delete(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::Undo => self.undo(window_size),
+			BufferAction::Redo => self.redo(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::Save => self.save(),
+			
+			BufferAction::CopySelectionOnNextLine => self.copy_selection_on_next_line(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::RotateSelectionsBackward => self.rotate_selections_backward(window_size),
+			BufferAction::RotateSelectionsForward => self.rotate_selections_forward(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::KeepPrimarySelection => self.keep_primary_selection(),
+			BufferAction::RemovePrimarySelection => self.remove_primary_selection(),
+			
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto1s => self.split_selections_into_size(1, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto2s => self.split_selections_into_size(2, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto3s => self.split_selections_into_size(3, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto4s => self.split_selections_into_size(4, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto5s => self.split_selections_into_size(5, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto6s => self.split_selections_into_size(6, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto7s => self.split_selections_into_size(7, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto8s => self.split_selections_into_size(8, window_size),
+			BufferAction::SplitSelectionsInto9s => self.split_selections_into_size(9, window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::JumpToSelectedOffset => self.jump_to_selected_offset(window_size),
+			BufferAction::JumpToSelectedOffsetRelativeToMark => self.jump_to_selected_offset_relative_to_mark(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::ToggleMark => self.toggle_mark(),
+			
+			BufferAction::AlignViewCenter => self.align_view_center(window_size),
+			BufferAction::AlignViewBottom => self.align_view_bottom(window_size),
+			BufferAction::AlignViewTop => self.align_view_top(),
+			
+			BufferAction::ExtendToMark => self.extend_to_mark(window_size),
+			BufferAction::ExtendToNull => self.extend_to_null(window_size),
+			BufferAction::ExtendToFF => self.extend_to_FF(window_size),
+			
+			BufferAction::InspectSelection => self.inspect_selection(),
+			BufferAction::InspectSelectionColor => self.inspect_selection_color(),
+		}
+	}
+	
+	const fn normal_mode(&mut self) {
+		self.mode = Mode::Normal;
+	}
+	
+	const fn select_mode(&mut self) {
+		self.mode = Mode::Select;
+	}
+	
+	const fn goto(&mut self) {
+		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Goto);
+	}
+	
+	const fn view(&mut self) {
+		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::View);
+	}
+	
+	const fn replace(&mut self) {
+		if !self.contents.is_empty() {
+			self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Replace);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	const fn space(&mut self) {
+		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Space);
+	}
+	
+	const fn repeat(&mut self) {
+		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::Repeat);
+	}
+	
+	const fn to(&mut self) {
+		self.partial_action = Some(PartialAction::To);
+	}
+	
+	pub fn scroll_down(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if self.contents.len() <= BYTES_OF_PADDING { return; }
+		
+		self.scroll_position = min(
+			self.scroll_position + BYTES_PER_LINE,
+			self.contents.len() - BYTES_OF_PADDING - self.contents.len() % BYTES_PER_LINE
+		);
+		
+		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
+				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
+				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
+			);
+		} else {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
+		}
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+	}
+	
+	pub fn scroll_up(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		self.scroll_position = self.scroll_position.saturating_sub(BYTES_PER_LINE);
+		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
+				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
+				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
+			);
+		} else {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
+		}
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+	}
+	
+	fn page_cursor_half_down(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if self.contents.len() <= BYTES_OF_PADDING { return; }
+		
+		let old_scroll_position = self.scroll_position;
+		
+		self.scroll_position = min(
+			self.scroll_position + (window_size.visible_byte_count() / 2).next_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE),
+			self.contents.len() - BYTES_OF_PADDING - self.contents.len() % BYTES_PER_LINE
+		);
+		
+		let scroll_position_change = self.scroll_position - old_scroll_position;
+		let max_contents_index = self.max_contents_index();
+		
+		self.primary_cursor.head = min(
+			self.primary_cursor.head + scroll_position_change,
+			max_contents_index
+		);
+		self.primary_cursor.tail = min(
+			self.primary_cursor.tail + scroll_position_change,
+			max_contents_index
+		);
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			cursor.head = (cursor.head + scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
+			cursor.tail = (cursor.tail + scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
+		}
+		
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+	}
+	
+	fn page_cursor_half_up(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		let old_scroll_position = self.scroll_position;
+		
+		self.scroll_position = self.scroll_position.saturating_sub(
+			(window_size.visible_byte_count() / 2).next_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE)
+		);
+		
+		let scroll_position_change = old_scroll_position - self.scroll_position;
+		let max_contents_index = self.max_contents_index();
+		
+		self.primary_cursor.head = min(
+			self.primary_cursor.head - scroll_position_change,
+			max_contents_index
+		);
+		self.primary_cursor.tail = min(
+			self.primary_cursor.tail - scroll_position_change,
+			max_contents_index
+		);
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			cursor.head = (cursor.head - scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
+			cursor.tail = (cursor.tail - scroll_position_change).min(max_contents_index);
+		}
+		
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+	}
+	
+	fn page_down(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if self.contents.len() <= BYTES_OF_PADDING { return; }
+		
+		self.scroll_position = min(
+			self.scroll_position + window_size.visible_byte_count(),
+			self.max_contents_index() - BYTES_OF_PADDING - self.max_contents_index() % BYTES_PER_LINE
+		);
+		
+		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
+				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
+				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
+			);
+		} else {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
+		}
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+	}
+	
+	fn page_up(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		self.scroll_position = self.scroll_position.saturating_sub(
+			window_size.visible_byte_count()
+		);
+		
+		if window_size.hex_rows() > LINES_OF_PADDING * 2 {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(
+				self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING,
+				window_size.visible_byte_count() - BYTES_OF_PADDING * 2
+			);
+		} else {
+			self.primary_cursor.clamp(self.scroll_position, window_size.visible_byte_count());
+		}
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+	}
+	
+	fn collapse_selection(&mut self) {
+		self.primary_cursor.collapse();
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			cursor.collapse();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	fn flip_selection(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		self.primary_cursor.flip();
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			cursor.flip();
+		}
+		
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn delete(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if !self.contents.is_empty() {
+			self.execute_and_add(
+				EditAction::Delete {
+					primary_cursor: self.primary_cursor,
+					cursors: self.cursors.clone(),
+					primary_old_data: self.contents[self.primary_cursor.range()].into(),
+					old_data: self.cursors
+						.iter()
+						.map(|cursor| self.contents[cursor.range()].to_vec())
+						.collect(),
+				},
+				window_size
+			);
+		}
+		
+		if self.mode == Mode::Select {
+			self.mode = Mode::Normal;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	fn undo(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if self.time_traveling == Some(0) || self.edit_history.is_empty() { return; }
+		
+		let current_date = self.time_traveling
+			.map_or(self.edit_history.len() - 1, |date| date - 1);
+		
+		self.time_traveling = Some(current_date);
+		
+		let edit_action = replace(
+			&mut self.edit_history[current_date],
+			EditAction::Placeholder
+		);
+		
+		self.undo_edit(&edit_action, window_size);
+		
+		self.edit_history[current_date] = edit_action;
+	}
+	
+	fn redo(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		let Some(previous_date) = self.time_traveling else { return; };
+		
+		let current_date = previous_date + 1;
+		
+		self.time_traveling = if current_date == self.edit_history.len() {
+			None
+		} else {
+			Some(current_date)
+		};
+		
+		let edit_action = replace(
+			&mut self.edit_history[previous_date],
+			EditAction::Placeholder
+		);
+		
+		self.execute_edit(&edit_action, window_size);
+		
+		self.edit_history[previous_date] = edit_action;
+	}
+	
+	fn save(&mut self) {
+		let mut file = File::create(&self.file_path).unwrap();
+		file.write_all(&self.contents).unwrap();
+		
+		self.last_saved_at = Some(
+			self.time_traveling.unwrap_or(self.edit_history.len())
+		);
+	}
+	
+	fn copy_selection_on_next_line(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		let new_cursors: Vec<Cursor> = iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(&self.cursors)
+			.filter_map(|cursor| {
+				let number_of_lines_tall = (cursor.upper_bound() - cursor.lower_bound()) / BYTES_PER_LINE;
+				let offset_to_add = (number_of_lines_tall + 1) * BYTES_PER_LINE;
+				
+				if cursor.lower_bound() + offset_to_add < self.contents.len() {
+					Some(
+						Cursor {
+							head: min(cursor.head + offset_to_add, self.max_contents_index()),
+							tail: min(cursor.tail + offset_to_add, self.max_contents_index())
+						}
+					)
+				} else {
+					None
+				}
+			})
+			.collect();
+		
+		self.cursors.extend(new_cursors);
+		self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
+		
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+		
+		self.rotate_selections_forward(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn rotate_selections_backward(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if self.cursors.is_empty() { return; }
+		
+		let next_cursor_index = self.cursors
+			.binary_search_by_key(&self.primary_cursor.head, |cursor| cursor.head)
+			.unwrap_or_else(identity);
+		
+		
+		if next_cursor_index == 0 {
+			let cursor_count = self.cursors.len();
+			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[cursor_count - 1]);
+			
+			self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
+		} else {
+			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[next_cursor_index - 1]);
+		}
+		
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn rotate_selections_forward(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if self.cursors.is_empty() { return; }
+		
+		let next_cursor_index = self.cursors
+			.binary_search_by_key(&self.primary_cursor.head, |cursor| cursor.head)
+			.unwrap_or_else(identity);
+		
+		if next_cursor_index == self.cursors.len() {
+			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[0]);
+			
+			self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
+		} else {
+			swap(&mut self.primary_cursor, &mut self.cursors[next_cursor_index]);
+		}
+		
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn keep_primary_selection(&mut self) {
+		self.cursors.clear();
+	}
+	
+	fn remove_primary_selection(&mut self) {
+		if self.cursors.is_empty() { return; }
+		
+		let next_cursor_index = self.cursors
+			.binary_search_by_key(&self.primary_cursor.head, |cursor| cursor.head)
+			.unwrap_or_else(identity);
+		
+		if next_cursor_index == self.cursors.len() {
+			self.primary_cursor = self.cursors.remove(0);
+		} else {
+			self.primary_cursor = self.cursors.remove(next_cursor_index);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	fn split_selections_into_size(&mut self, size: usize, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if !iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(&self.cursors)
+			.all(|cursor| cursor.len().is_multiple_of(size))
+		{
+			self.alert_message = Span::from(
+				format!("not all selections are a multiple of {size} long")
+			).red();
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		let mut new_cursors = iter::once(self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(self.cursors.iter().copied())
+			.flat_map(|cursor| {
+				cursor
+					.range()
+					.step_by(size)
+					.map(|tail| Cursor { head: tail + size - 1, tail })
+			});
+		
+		self.primary_cursor = new_cursors.next().unwrap();
+		self.cursors = new_cursors.collect();
+		
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn jump_to_selected_offset(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if !iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(&self.cursors)
+			.all(|cursor| {
+				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()])
+					.map(|nat| nat as usize)
+					.is_some_and(|offset| offset < self.contents.len())
+			})
+		{
+			if self.cursors.is_empty() {
+				self.alert_message = Span::from(
+					"selection is not a valid offset"
+				).red();
+			} else {
+				self.alert_message = Span::from(
+					"not all selections are valid offsets"
+				).red();
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		self.primary_cursor = Cursor::at(
+			bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[self.primary_cursor.range()]).unwrap() as usize
+		);
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			*cursor = Cursor::at(
+				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()]).unwrap() as usize
+			);
+		}
+		
+		self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
+		
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn jump_to_selected_offset_relative_to_mark(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		let mut sorted_marks: Vec<_> = self.marks.iter().copied().collect();
+		sorted_marks.sort_unstable();
+		
+		if !iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(&self.cursors)
+			.all(|cursor| {
+				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()])
+					.map(|offset| mark_before(cursor.lower_bound(), &sorted_marks) + offset as usize)
+					.is_some_and(|offset| offset < self.contents.len())
+			})
+		{
+			if self.cursors.is_empty() {
+				self.alert_message = Span::from(
+					"selection is not a valid offset"
+				).red();
+			} else {
+				self.alert_message = Span::from(
+					"not all selections are valid offsets"
+				).red();
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		self.primary_cursor = Cursor::at(
+			bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[self.primary_cursor.range()])
+				.map(|offset| {
+					mark_before(self.primary_cursor.lower_bound(), &sorted_marks) + offset as usize
+				})
+				.unwrap()
+		);
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			*cursor = Cursor::at(
+				bytes_to_nat(&self.contents[cursor.range()])
+				.map(|offset| {
+					mark_before(cursor.lower_bound(), &sorted_marks) + offset as usize
+				})
+				.unwrap()
+			);
+		}
+		
+		self.cursors.sort_by_key(|cursor| cursor.head);
+		
+		self.combine_cursors_if_overlapping();
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn toggle_mark(&mut self) {
+		match self.marks.entry(self.primary_cursor.lower_bound()) {
+			Entry::Occupied(occupied_entry) => { occupied_entry.remove(); },
+			Entry::Vacant(vacant_entry) => vacant_entry.insert(),
+		}
+		
+		for cursor in &self.cursors {
+			match self.marks.entry(cursor.lower_bound()) {
+				Entry::Occupied(occupied_entry) => { occupied_entry.remove(); },
+				Entry::Vacant(vacant_entry) => vacant_entry.insert(),
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	const fn align_view_center(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		let half_a_screen = window_size.visible_byte_count() / 2;
+		
+		self.scroll_position = self.primary_cursor.head
+			.saturating_sub(self.primary_cursor.head % BYTES_PER_LINE)
+			.saturating_sub(half_a_screen - (half_a_screen % BYTES_PER_LINE));
+	}
+	
+	fn align_view_bottom(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		self.scroll_position = self.primary_cursor.head
+			.saturating_sub(self.primary_cursor.head % BYTES_PER_LINE)
+			.saturating_sub(
+				window_size
+					.visible_byte_count()
+					.saturating_sub(BYTES_PER_LINE + BYTES_OF_PADDING)
+			)
+			.min(self.max_contents_index() - self.max_contents_index() % BYTES_PER_LINE);
+	}
+	
+	const fn align_view_top(&mut self) {
+		self.scroll_position = self.primary_cursor.head
+			.saturating_sub(self.primary_cursor.head % BYTES_PER_LINE)
+			.saturating_sub(BYTES_OF_PADDING);
+	}
+	
+	fn extend_to_mark(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		let mut sorted_marks: Vec<_> = self.marks.iter().copied().collect();
+		sorted_marks.sort_unstable();
+		
+		let max_contents_index = self.max_contents_index();
+		
+		let mark_after_primary = mark_after(
+			self.primary_cursor.head,
+			&sorted_marks,
+			max_contents_index
+		);
+		
+		self.primary_cursor.tail = self.primary_cursor.head;
+		self.primary_cursor.head = mark_after_primary - 1;
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			let mark_after_cursor = mark_after(
+				cursor.head,
+				&sorted_marks,
+				max_contents_index
+			);
+			
+			cursor.tail = cursor.head;
+			cursor.head = mark_after_cursor - 1;
+		}
+		
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	fn extend_to_null(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[self.primary_cursor.head..]
+			.iter()
+			.skip(1)
+			.position(|&byte| byte == 0)
+		{
+			self.primary_cursor.tail = self.primary_cursor.head;
+			self.primary_cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
+		}
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[cursor.head..]
+				.iter()
+				.skip(1)
+				.position(|&byte| byte == 0)
+			{
+				cursor.tail = cursor.head;
+				cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+	fn extend_to_FF(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[self.primary_cursor.head..]
+			.iter()
+			.skip(1)
+			.position(|&byte| byte == 0xFF)
+		{
+			self.primary_cursor.tail = self.primary_cursor.head;
+			self.primary_cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
+		}
+		
+		for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+			if let Some(null_offset_after_primary) = self.contents[cursor.head..]
+				.iter()
+				.skip(1)
+				.position(|&byte| byte == 0xFF)
+			{
+				cursor.tail = cursor.head;
+				cursor.head += null_offset_after_primary;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		self.clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(window_size);
+	}
+	
+	#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
+	fn inspect_selection(&mut self) {
+		if self.inspection_status == Some(InspectionStatus::Normal) {
+			self.inspection_status = None;
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		self.inspection_status = Some(InspectionStatus::Normal);
+		
+		self.popups.extend(
+			iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+				.chain(&self.cursors)
+				.filter_map(|cursor| {
+					let selection = &self.contents[cursor.range()];
+					
+					let popup_lines = inspect(selection);
+					
+					if popup_lines.is_empty() {
+						None
+					} else {
+						Some(Popup::new(cursor.lower_bound(), popup_lines))
+					}
+				})
+				.sorted_unstable_by_key(|popup| popup.at)
+		);
+		
+		if self.popups.is_empty() {
+			self.inspection_status = None;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	fn inspect_selection_color(&mut self) {
+		if self.inspection_status == Some(InspectionStatus::ColorsOnly) {
+			self.inspection_status = None;
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		self.inspection_status = Some(InspectionStatus::ColorsOnly);
+		
+		self.popups.extend(
+			iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+				.chain(&self.cursors)
+				.filter_map(|cursor| {
+					let selection = &self.contents[cursor.range()];
+					
+					let popup_lines = inspect_color(selection);
+					
+					if popup_lines.is_empty() {
+						None
+					} else {
+						Some(Popup::new(cursor.lower_bound(), popup_lines))
+					}
+				})
+				.sorted_unstable_by_key(|popup| popup.at)
+		);
+		
+		if self.popups.is_empty() {
+			self.inspection_status = None;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+fn inspect(selection: &[u8]) -> Vec<Span<'static>> {
+	let nat = bytes_to_nat(selection);
+	
+	let int = nat.and_then(|nat| nat_to_int_if_different(nat, selection.len()));
+	
+	let utf8 = str::from_utf8(selection).ok()
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 1)
+		.map(|utf8| utf8.trim_suffix('\0'))
+		.filter(|utf8| !utf8.contains(is_illegal_control_character))
+		.map(|utf8| Span::from(format!("\"{utf8}\"")).red());
+	
+	let fixedpoint2012 = nat
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
+		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u32) / f64::from(1 << 12))
+		.map(|fixedpoint2012| {
+			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint2012 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
+			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
+			
+			format!("20.12: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint2012:.2}").into()
+		});
+	
+	let fixedpoint2012_signed = int
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
+		.map(|int| f64::from(int as i32) / f64::from(1 << 12))
+		.map(|fixedpoint2012_signed| {
+			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint2012_signed * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
+			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
+			
+			format!("i20.12: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint2012_signed:.2}").into()
+		});
+	
+	let fixedpoint1616 = nat
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
+		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u32) / f64::from(1 << 16))
+		.map(|fixedpoint1616| {
+			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint1616 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
+			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
+			
+			format!("16.16: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint1616:.2}").into()
+		});
+	
+	let fixedpoint1616_signed = int
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 4)
+		.map(|int| f64::from(int as i32) / f64::from(1 << 16))
+		.map(|fixedpoint1616_signed| {
+			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint1616_signed * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
+			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
+			
+			format!("i16.16: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint1616_signed:.2}").into()
+		});
+	
+	let fixedpoint124 = nat
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
+		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u16) / f64::from(1 << 4))
+		.map(|fixedpoint124| {
+			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint124 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
+			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
+			
+			format!("12.4: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint124:.2}").into()
+		});
+	
+	let fixedpoint88 = nat
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
+		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u16) / f64::from(1 << 8))
+		.map(|fixedpoint88| {
+			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint88 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
+			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
+			
+			format!("8.8: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint88:.2}").into()
+		});
+	
+	let fixedpoint412 = nat
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
+		.map(|nat| f64::from(nat as u16) / f64::from(1 << 12))
+		.map(|fixedpoint412| {
+			let two_decimals_is_enough = (fixedpoint412 * 100.0).fract() == 0.0;
+			let approximate_symbol = if two_decimals_is_enough { "" } else { "~" };
+			
+			format!("4.12: {approximate_symbol}{fixedpoint412:.2}").into()
+		});
+	
+	let color888 = (selection.len() == 3)
+		.then(|| [selection[0], selection[1], selection[2]])
+		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
+			Span::from(format!("#{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
+				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
+			
+		});
+	
+	let color555 = nat
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
+		.filter(|&nat| nat >> 15 == 0)
+		.map(|nat| color555_to_color888(nat as u16))
+		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
+			Span::from(format!("555: #{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
+				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
+			
+		});
+	
+	int.map(|int| format!("{int}").into())
+		.into_iter()
+		.chain(nat.map(|nat| format!("{nat}").into()))
+		.chain(utf8)
+		.chain(fixedpoint2012_signed)
+		.chain(fixedpoint2012)
+		.chain(fixedpoint1616_signed)
+		.chain(fixedpoint1616)
+		.chain(fixedpoint124)
+		.chain(fixedpoint88)
+		.chain(fixedpoint412)
+		.chain(color888)
+		.chain(color555)
+		.collect()
+}
+
+fn inspect_color(selection: &[u8]) -> Vec<Span<'static>> {
+	let nat = bytes_to_nat(selection);
+	
+	let color888 = (selection.len() == 3)
+		.then(|| [selection[0], selection[1], selection[2]])
+		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
+			Span::from(format!("#{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
+				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
+			
+		});
+	
+	let color555 = nat
+		.filter(|_| selection.len() == 2)
+		.filter(|&nat| nat >> 15 == 0)
+		.map(|nat| color555_to_color888(nat as u16))
+		.map(|[red, green, blue]| {
+			Span::from(format!("#{red:02X}{green:02X}{blue:02X}"))
+				.fg(Color::Rgb(red, green, blue))
+			
+		});
+	
+	color888
+		.into_iter()
+		.chain(color555)
+		.collect()
+}
+
+// MARK: helpers
+impl Buffer {
+	pub fn clamp_screen_to_primary_cursor(&mut self, window_size: WindowSize) {
+		if self.primary_cursor.head < self.scroll_position + BYTES_OF_PADDING {
+			self.align_view_top();
+		} else if self.primary_cursor.head > self.scroll_position + (window_size.visible_byte_count() - 1).saturating_sub(BYTES_OF_PADDING) {
+			self.align_view_bottom(window_size);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub fn bytes_to_nat(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<u64> {
+	bytes
+		.iter()
+		.rev() // little-endian
+		.skip_while(|&&byte| byte == 0)
+		.try_fold(u64::default(), |result, &byte| {
+			Some(result.shl_exact(8)? | u64::from(byte))
+		})
+}
+
+const fn nat_to_int_if_different(nat: u64, bytes: usize) -> Option<i64> {
+	match bytes {
+		1 if nat >  i8::MAX as u64 => Some((nat as u8).cast_signed() as i64),
+		2 if nat > i16::MAX as u64 => Some((nat as u16).cast_signed() as i64),
+		4 if nat > i32::MAX as u64 => Some((nat as u32).cast_signed() as i64),
+		8 if nat > i64::MAX as u64 => Some(nat.cast_signed()),
+		_ => None,
+	}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn nat_to_int_tests() {
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(0, 1), None);
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i8::MAX as u64,     1), None);
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i8::MAX as u64 + 1, 1), Some(i8::MIN.into()));
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(u8::MAX.into(),     1), Some(-1));
+	
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(0, 2), None);
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i16::MAX as u64,     2), None);
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(i16::MAX as u64 + 1, 2), Some(i16::MIN.into()));
+	assert_eq!(nat_to_int_if_different(u16::MAX.into(),     2), Some(-1));
+}
+
+// or 0 if no mark is before
+fn mark_before(offset: usize, sorted_marks: &[usize]) -> usize {
+	match sorted_marks.binary_search(&offset) {
+		Ok(_) => offset,
+		Err(0) => 0,
+		Err(mark_after_index) => sorted_marks[mark_after_index - 1],
+	}
+}
+
+// or end index if no mark is after
+fn mark_after(offset: usize, sorted_marks: &[usize], max: usize) -> usize {
+	if sorted_marks.is_empty() { return max + 1; }
+	
+	match sorted_marks.binary_search(&offset) {
+		Ok(mark_before_index) => if mark_before_index == sorted_marks.len() - 1 {
+			max + 1
+		} else {
+			sorted_marks[mark_before_index + 1]
+		},
+		Err(mark_after_index) => {
+			if mark_after_index == sorted_marks.len() {
+				max + 1
+			} else {
+				sorted_marks[mark_after_index]
+			}
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+const fn is_illegal_control_character(character: char) -> bool {
+	match character {
+		'\t' | '\n' | '\r' => false,
+		_ if character.is_ascii_control() => true,
+		_ => false,
+	}
+}
+
+const fn color555_to_color888(color555: u16) -> [u8; 3] {
+	[
+		// 8 is the ratio between the number of colors in 555 vs 888 (32:256)
+		(color555       & 0b11111) as u8 * 8,
+		(color555 >>  5 & 0b11111) as u8 * 8,
+		(color555 >> 10 & 0b11111) as u8 * 8
+	]
+}
diff --git a/src/buffer/widget.rs b/src/buffer/widget.rs
index fd900b9..d094f84 100644
--- a/src/buffer/widget.rs
+++ b/src/buffer/widget.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ use std::{cmp::min, iter};
 use ratatui::{layout::Rect, text::{Line, Text}, widgets::Widget};
 use crate::{BYTES_PER_LINE, buffer::Buffer};
 
+mod address;
+mod hex;
+mod character_panel;
+mod status_line;
+mod extra_statuses;
+
 impl Widget for &Buffer {
 	fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut ratatui::buffer::Buffer) {
 		let screen_end = self.scroll_position + BYTES_PER_LINE * (area.height as usize - 1);
@@ -102,405 +108,6 @@ impl Buffer {
 	}
 }
 
-mod address {
-	use ratatui::{style::{Color, Style}, text::Span};
-	
-	pub fn render_address(address: usize) -> Span<'static> {
-		Span {
-			style: style_for_address(address),
-			content: format!("{address:08x}").into()
-		}
-	}
-	
-	pub const fn style_for_address(address: usize) -> Style {
-		if address.is_multiple_of(0x100) {
-			Style::new().fg(Color::Rgb(0x68, 0x99, 0xA0))
-		} else {
-			Style::new().fg(Color::Rgb(0x8A, 0xBB, 0xC3))
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-mod hex {
-	use std::{borrow::Cow, iter::{self, repeat_n}, mem};
-	use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{style::{Color, Style, Stylize}, text::Span};
-	
-	use crate::{BYTES_PER_CHUNK, BYTES_PER_LINE, CHUNKS_PER_LINE, buffer::{Buffer, Mode, PartialAction}, cardinality::HasCardinality, cursor::InCursor, custom_greys::CustomGreys, empty_span::empty_span};
-	
-	impl Buffer {
-		pub fn render_chunks(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			bytes: &[u8; BYTES_PER_LINE]
-		) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
-			let (chunks, remainder) = bytes.as_chunks::<BYTES_PER_CHUNK>();
-			
-			assert!(remainder.is_empty(), "BYTES_PER_LINE should be a multiple of BYTES_PER_CHUNK");
-			
-			#[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
-			chunks
-				.iter()
-				.copied()
-				.zip((address..).step_by(BYTES_PER_CHUNK))
-				.flat_map(|(chunk, address)| {
-					self.render_chunk(address, &chunk).collect::<Vec<_>>()
-				})
-		}
-		
-		pub fn render_partial_chunks(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			bytes: &[u8]
-		) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
-			let (chunks, remainder) = bytes.as_chunks::<BYTES_PER_CHUNK>();
-			
-			let remainder_address = address + chunks.len() * BYTES_PER_CHUNK;
-			#[allow(clippy::if_not_else)]
-			let remainder_chunks: Option<Vec<_>> = if !remainder.is_empty() {
-				Some(self.render_partial_chunk(remainder_address, remainder).collect())
-			} else {
-				None
-			};
-			
-			let chunks_rendered = chunks.len() + remainder_chunks.iter().len();
-			let chunks_not_rendered = CHUNKS_PER_LINE - chunks_rendered;
-			let spaces_per_chunk = BYTES_PER_CHUNK - 1 + 2;
-			let bytes_not_rendered = BYTES_PER_LINE - bytes.len();
-			
-			let padding_width = 2 * bytes_not_rendered +
-				spaces_per_chunk * chunks_not_rendered;
-			
-			#[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
-			chunks
-				.iter()
-				.copied()
-				.zip((address..).step_by(BYTES_PER_CHUNK))
-				.map(|(chunk, address)| self.render_chunk(address, &chunk).collect())
-				.chain(remainder_chunks)
-				.flatten()
-				.chain(repeat_n(" ".into(), padding_width))
-		}
-		
-		fn render_chunk(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			bytes: &[u8; BYTES_PER_CHUNK]
-		) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
-			iter::once(self.render_large_space_before(address))
-				.chain(
-					bytes
-						.iter()
-						.copied()
-						.zip(address..)
-						.map(|(byte, address)| self.render_byte_at(address, byte))
-						.interleave(
-							(address..)
-								.take(BYTES_PER_CHUNK)
-								.skip(1)
-								.map(|address| self.render_space_before(address))
-						)
-				)
-		}
-		
-		fn render_partial_chunk(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			bytes: &[u8]
-		) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
-			iter::once(self.render_large_space_before(address))
-				.chain(
-					bytes
-						.iter()
-						.copied()
-						.zip(address..)
-						.map(|(byte, address)| self.render_byte_at(address, byte))
-						.interleave(
-							(address..)
-								.take(BYTES_PER_CHUNK)
-								.skip(1)
-								.map(|address| self.render_space_before(address))
-						)
-				)
-		}
-		
-		fn render_byte_at(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			byte: u8
-		) -> Span<'static> {
-			if self.partial_action == Some(PartialAction::Replace) &&
-			   iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-				.chain(&self.cursors)
-				.any(|cursor| cursor.contains(address).is_some())
-			{
-				let replaced_byte = self.partial_replace.unwrap_or(0) << 4;
-				
-				self.render_byte_without_replace_preview(address, replaced_byte)
-					.black()
-			} else {
-				self.render_byte_without_replace_preview(address, byte)
-			}
-		}
-		
-		fn render_byte_without_replace_preview(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			byte: u8
-		) -> Span<'static> {
-			const SPAN_FOR_BYTE: [Span; u8::CARDINALITY] = create_byte_lookup_table();
-			
-			let span = SPAN_FOR_BYTE[byte as usize].clone();
-			
-			if let Some(place_in_cursor) = self.primary_cursor.contains(address) {
-				let head_color = match self.mode {
-					Mode::Select => Color::Yellow,
-					_ => Color::Gray
-				};
-				
-				match place_in_cursor {
-					InCursor::Head => span.bg(head_color),
-					InCursor::Rest => span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey()),
-				}
-			} else {
-				match self.cursors
-					.iter()
-					.find_map(|cursor| cursor.contains(address))
-				{
-					Some(InCursor::Head) => span.bg(Color::secondary_selection_head_grey()),
-					Some(InCursor::Rest) => span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey()),
-					None => span,
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		
-		fn render_large_space_before(&self, address: usize) -> Span<'static> {
-			let span: Span = if self.marks.contains(&address) {
-				" →".into()
-			} else {
-				"  ".into()
-			};
-			
-			if !address.is_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE) &&
-				iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-					.chain(&self.cursors)
-					.any(|cursor| cursor.contains_space_before(address))
-			{
-				span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey())
-			} else {
-				span
-			}
-		}
-		
-		fn render_space_before(&self, address: usize) -> Span<'static> {
-			let span: Span = if self.marks.contains(&address) {
-				"→".into()
-			} else {
-				" ".into()
-			};
-			
-			if iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-				.chain(&self.cursors)
-				.any(|cursor| cursor.contains_space_before(address))
-			{
-				span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey())
-			} else {
-				span
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn create_byte_lookup_table() -> [Span<'static>; u8::CARDINALITY] {
-		let mut result = [const { empty_span() }; u8::CARDINALITY];
-		
-		let mut index = 0;
-		while index < u8::CARDINALITY {
-			result[index].style = style_for_byte(index as u8);
-			mem::forget(mem::replace(&mut result[index].content, content_for_byte(index as u8)));
-			index += 1;
-		}
-		
-		result
-	}
-	
-	const fn style_for_byte(byte: u8) -> Style {
-		Style::new().fg(fg_for_byte(byte))
-	}
-	
-	const fn fg_for_byte(byte: u8) -> Color {
-		match byte {
-			0x00       => Color::Rgb(0x80, 0x80, 0x80), // grey
-			0x01..0x10 => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x71, 0xA9), // red
-			0x10..0x20 => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x7A, 0x78), // salmon
-			0x20..0x30 => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x81, 0x23), // red-orange
-			0x30..0x40 => Color::Rgb(0xF7, 0x93, 0x00), // yellow-orange
-			0x40..0x50 => Color::Rgb(0xE6, 0x9F, 0x00), // yellow
-			0x50..0x60 => Color::Rgb(0xC1, 0xB2, 0x00), // green-yellow
-			0x60..0x70 => Color::Rgb(0x82, 0xC6, 0x00), // lime
-			0x70..0x80 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xD5, 0x00), // green
-			0x80..0x90 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xD4, 0x59), // clover
-			0x90..0xA0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xD0, 0x91), // teal
-			0xA0..0xB0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xCC, 0xBB), // cyan
-			0xB0..0xC0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xC7, 0xDE), // light blue
-			0xC0..0xD0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xBE, 0xFF), // blue
-			0xD0..0xE0 => Color::Rgb(0x6C, 0xAF, 0xFF), // blurple
-			0xE0..0xF0 => Color::Rgb(0xB2, 0x98, 0xFF), // purple
-			0xF0..0xFF => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x4D, 0xFF), // pink
-			0xFF       => Color::White
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn content_for_byte(byte: u8) -> Cow<'static, str> {
-		Cow::Borrowed(hex_for_byte(byte))
-	}
-	
-	const fn hex_for_byte(byte: u8) -> &'static str {
-		const LOOK_UP_TABLE: [&str; u8::CARDINALITY] = ["00", "01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "16", "17", "18", "19", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "20", "21", "22", "23", "24", "25", "26", "27", "28", "29", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f", "30", "31", "32", "33", "34", "35", "36", "37", "38", "39", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3e", "3f", "40", "41", "42", "43", "44", "45", "46", "47", "48", "49", "4a", "4b", "4c", "4d", "4e", "4f", "50", "51", "52", "53", "54", "55", "56", "57", "58", "59", "5a", "5b", "5c", "5d", "5e", "5f", "60", "61", "62", "63", "64", "65", "66", "67", "68", "69", "6a", "6b", "6c", "6d", "6e", "6f", "70", "71", "72", "73", "74", "75", "76", "77", "78", "79", "7a", "7b", "7c", "7d", "7e", "7f", "80", "81", "82", "83", "84", "85", "86", "87", "88", "89", "8a", "8b", "8c", "8d", "8e", "8f", "90", "91", "92", "93", "94", "95", "96", "97", "98", "99", "9a", "9b", "9c", "9d", "9e", "9f", "a0", "a1", "a2", "a3", "a4", "a5", "a6", "a7", "a8", "a9", "aa", "ab", "ac", "ad", "ae", "af", "b0", "b1", "b2", "b3", "b4", "b5", "b6", "b7", "b8", "b9", "ba", "bb", "bc", "bd", "be", "bf", "c0", "c1", "c2", "c3", "c4", "c5", "c6", "c7", "c8", "c9", "ca", "cb", "cc", "cd", "ce", "cf", "d0", "d1", "d2", "d3", "d4", "d5", "d6", "d7", "d8", "d9", "da", "db", "dc", "dd", "de", "df", "e0", "e1", "e2", "e3", "e4", "e5", "e6", "e7", "e8", "e9", "ea", "eb", "ec", "ed", "ee", "ef", "f0", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "fa", "fb", "fc", "fd", "fe", "ff"];
-		
-		LOOK_UP_TABLE[byte as usize]
-	}
-}
-
-mod character_panel {
-	use std::{borrow::Cow, iter, mem};
-	use ratatui::{style::{Color, Style, Stylize}, text::Span};
-	use crate::{buffer::Buffer, cardinality::HasCardinality, cursor::InCursor, custom_greys::CustomGreys, empty_span::empty_span};
-	
-	impl Buffer {
-		pub fn render_character_panel(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			bytes: &[u8]
-		) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
-			bytes
-				.iter()
-				.copied()
-				.zip(address..)
-				.map(|(byte, address)| self.render_character_at(address, byte))
-		}
-		
-		fn render_character_at(
-			&self,
-			address: usize,
-			byte: u8
-		) -> Span<'static> {
-			const SPAN_FOR_BYTE: [Span; u8::CARDINALITY] = create_character_lookup_table();
-			
-			let span = SPAN_FOR_BYTE[byte as usize].clone();
-			
-			match iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
-				.chain(&self.cursors)
-				.find_map(|cursor| cursor.contains(address))
-			{
-				Some(InCursor::Head) => span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey()),
-				Some(InCursor::Rest) => span.on_dark_gray(),
-				None => span,
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	const fn create_character_lookup_table() -> [Span<'static>; u8::CARDINALITY] {
-		let mut result = [const { empty_span() }; u8::CARDINALITY];
-		
-		let mut index = 0;
-		while index < u8::CARDINALITY {
-			result[index].style = style_for_character(index as u8);
-			mem::forget(mem::replace(
-				&mut result[index].content,
-				content_for_character(index as u8)
-			));
-			index += 1;
-		}
-		
-		result
-	}
-	
-	const fn style_for_character(byte: u8) -> Style {
-		Style::new().fg(fg_for_character(byte))
-	}
-	
-	const fn fg_for_character(byte: u8) -> Color {
-		match byte {
-			b'\0' => Color::Rgb(0xA0, 0xA0, 0xA0), // grey
-			b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\r' | b' ' => Color::Red,
-			_ if byte.is_ascii_graphic() => Color::Red,
-			_ if byte.is_ascii() => Color::Green,
-			0xFF => Color::White,
-			_ => Color::Yellow,
-		}
-	}
-	
-	const fn content_for_character(byte: u8) -> Cow<'static, str> {
-		Cow::Borrowed(character_for_byte(byte))
-	}
-	
-	const fn character_for_byte(byte: u8) -> &'static str {
-		const LOOK_UP_TABLE: [&str; u8::CARDINALITY] = ["⋄", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "→", "⏎", "•", "•", "␍", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", " ", "!", "\"", "#", "$", "%", "&", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", "-", ".", "/", "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", ":", ";", "<", "=", ">", "?", "@", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O", "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", "[", "\\", "]", "^", "_", "`", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", "{", "|", "}", "~", "•", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "╳"];
-		
-		LOOK_UP_TABLE[byte as usize]
-	}
-}
-
-mod status_line {
-	use crate::{buffer::Buffer, custom_greys::CustomGreys};
-	use ratatui::{style::{Color, Stylize}, text::{Line, Span, Text}};
-	
-	impl Buffer {
-		pub fn render_status_line(&self) -> Text<'_> {
-			Text::from(
-				Line::from_iter([
-					self.render_mode(),
-					" ".into(),
-					self.render_file_name(),
-					self.modified_indicator(),
-					"  ".into(),
-					self.alert_message.clone()
-				])
-			)
-			.bg(Color::ui_grey())
-		}
-		
-		fn render_mode(&self) -> Span<'static> {
-			Span::from(self.mode.label())
-				.black()
-				.bg(self.mode.color())
-		}
-		
-		fn render_file_name(&self) -> Span<'_> {
-			Span::from(&self.file_name)
-		}
-		
-		fn modified_indicator(&self) -> Span<'static> {
-			if self.has_unsaved_changes() {
-				" [+]".into()
-			} else {
-				"".into()
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-mod extra_statuses {
-	use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-	use ratatui::text::Line;
-	
-	impl Buffer {
-		pub fn render_extra_statuses(&self) -> Line<'_> {
-			let partial_action = self.partial_action
-				.as_ref()
-				.map_or("", |partial_action| partial_action.label());
-			
-			if self.contents.is_empty() {
-				format!("{partial_action} ").into()
-			} else {
-				#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
-				let percentage = self.primary_cursor.head as f64 / self.max_contents_index() as f64 * 100.0;
-				
-				format!("{partial_action} {percentage:.0}% ").into()
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 fn byte_column_to_screen_column(byte_column: usize) -> usize {
 	match byte_column {
 		0 => 10,
diff --git a/src/buffer/widget/address.rs b/src/buffer/widget/address.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a79853f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/buffer/widget/address.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+use ratatui::{style::{Color, Style}, text::Span};
+
+pub fn render_address(address: usize) -> Span<'static> {
+	Span {
+		style: style_for_address(address),
+		content: format!("{address:08x}").into()
+	}
+}
+
+pub const fn style_for_address(address: usize) -> Style {
+	if address.is_multiple_of(0x100) {
+		Style::new().fg(Color::Rgb(0x68, 0x99, 0xA0))
+	} else {
+		Style::new().fg(Color::Rgb(0x8A, 0xBB, 0xC3))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/buffer/widget/character_panel.rs b/src/buffer/widget/character_panel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a29cc0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/buffer/widget/character_panel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use std::{borrow::Cow, iter, mem};
+use ratatui::{style::{Color, Style, Stylize}, text::Span};
+use crate::{buffer::Buffer, cardinality::HasCardinality, cursor::InCursor, custom_greys::CustomGreys, empty_span::empty_span};
+
+impl Buffer {
+	pub fn render_character_panel(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		bytes: &[u8]
+	) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
+		bytes
+			.iter()
+			.copied()
+			.zip(address..)
+			.map(|(byte, address)| self.render_character_at(address, byte))
+	}
+	
+	fn render_character_at(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		byte: u8
+	) -> Span<'static> {
+		const SPAN_FOR_BYTE: [Span; u8::CARDINALITY] = create_character_lookup_table();
+		
+		let span = SPAN_FOR_BYTE[byte as usize].clone();
+		
+		match iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(&self.cursors)
+			.find_map(|cursor| cursor.contains(address))
+		{
+			Some(InCursor::Head) => span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey()),
+			Some(InCursor::Rest) => span.on_dark_gray(),
+			None => span,
+		}
+	}
+}
+const fn create_character_lookup_table() -> [Span<'static>; u8::CARDINALITY] {
+	let mut result = [const { empty_span() }; u8::CARDINALITY];
+	
+	let mut index = 0;
+	while index < u8::CARDINALITY {
+		result[index].style = style_for_character(index as u8);
+		mem::forget(mem::replace(
+			&mut result[index].content,
+			content_for_character(index as u8)
+		));
+		index += 1;
+	}
+	
+	result
+}
+
+const fn style_for_character(byte: u8) -> Style {
+	Style::new().fg(fg_for_character(byte))
+}
+
+const fn fg_for_character(byte: u8) -> Color {
+	match byte {
+		b'\0' => Color::Rgb(0xA0, 0xA0, 0xA0), // grey
+		b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\r' | b' ' => Color::Red,
+		_ if byte.is_ascii_graphic() => Color::Red,
+		_ if byte.is_ascii() => Color::Green,
+		0xFF => Color::White,
+		_ => Color::Yellow,
+	}
+}
+
+const fn content_for_character(byte: u8) -> Cow<'static, str> {
+	Cow::Borrowed(character_for_byte(byte))
+}
+
+const fn character_for_byte(byte: u8) -> &'static str {
+	const LOOK_UP_TABLE: [&str; u8::CARDINALITY] = ["⋄", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "→", "⏎", "•", "•", "␍", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", "•", " ", "!", "\"", "#", "$", "%", "&", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", "-", ".", "/", "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", ":", ";", "<", "=", ">", "?", "@", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O", "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", "[", "\\", "]", "^", "_", "`", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", "{", "|", "}", "~", "•", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "×", "╳"];
+	
+	LOOK_UP_TABLE[byte as usize]
+}
diff --git a/src/buffer/widget/extra_statuses.rs b/src/buffer/widget/extra_statuses.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1057953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/buffer/widget/extra_statuses.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use crate::buffer::{Buffer, PartialAction};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+
+impl Buffer {
+	pub fn render_extra_statuses(&self) -> Line<'_> {
+		let partial_action = self.partial_action
+			.as_ref()
+			.map_or("", |partial_action| partial_action.label());
+		
+		if self.contents.is_empty() {
+			format!("{partial_action} ").into()
+		} else {
+			#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
+			let percentage = self.primary_cursor.head as f64 / self.max_contents_index() as f64 * 100.0;
+			
+			format!("{partial_action} {percentage:.0}% ").into()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl PartialAction {
+	pub const fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+		use PartialAction::*;
+		
+		match self {
+			Goto => "g",
+			View => "z",
+			Replace => "r",
+			Space => "␠",
+			Repeat => "×",
+			To => "t",
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/buffer/widget/hex.rs b/src/buffer/widget/hex.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3591547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/buffer/widget/hex.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+use std::{borrow::Cow, iter::{self, repeat_n}, mem};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{style::{Color, Style, Stylize}, text::Span};
+
+use crate::{BYTES_PER_CHUNK, BYTES_PER_LINE, CHUNKS_PER_LINE, buffer::{Buffer, Mode, PartialAction}, cardinality::HasCardinality, cursor::InCursor, custom_greys::CustomGreys, empty_span::empty_span};
+
+impl Buffer {
+	pub fn render_chunks(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		bytes: &[u8; BYTES_PER_LINE]
+	) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
+		let (chunks, remainder) = bytes.as_chunks::<BYTES_PER_CHUNK>();
+		
+		assert!(remainder.is_empty(), "BYTES_PER_LINE should be a multiple of BYTES_PER_CHUNK");
+		
+		#[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
+		chunks
+			.iter()
+			.copied()
+			.zip((address..).step_by(BYTES_PER_CHUNK))
+			.flat_map(|(chunk, address)| {
+				self.render_chunk(address, &chunk).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+			})
+	}
+	
+	pub fn render_partial_chunks(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		bytes: &[u8]
+	) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
+		let (chunks, remainder) = bytes.as_chunks::<BYTES_PER_CHUNK>();
+		
+		let remainder_address = address + chunks.len() * BYTES_PER_CHUNK;
+		#[allow(clippy::if_not_else)]
+		let remainder_chunks: Option<Vec<_>> = if !remainder.is_empty() {
+			Some(self.render_partial_chunk(remainder_address, remainder).collect())
+		} else {
+			None
+		};
+		
+		let chunks_rendered = chunks.len() + remainder_chunks.iter().len();
+		let chunks_not_rendered = CHUNKS_PER_LINE - chunks_rendered;
+		let spaces_per_chunk = BYTES_PER_CHUNK - 1 + 2;
+		let bytes_not_rendered = BYTES_PER_LINE - bytes.len();
+		
+		let padding_width = 2 * bytes_not_rendered +
+			spaces_per_chunk * chunks_not_rendered;
+		
+		#[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
+		chunks
+			.iter()
+			.copied()
+			.zip((address..).step_by(BYTES_PER_CHUNK))
+			.map(|(chunk, address)| self.render_chunk(address, &chunk).collect())
+			.chain(remainder_chunks)
+			.flatten()
+			.chain(repeat_n(" ".into(), padding_width))
+	}
+	
+	fn render_chunk(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		bytes: &[u8; BYTES_PER_CHUNK]
+	) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
+		iter::once(self.render_large_space_before(address))
+			.chain(
+				bytes
+					.iter()
+					.copied()
+					.zip(address..)
+					.map(|(byte, address)| self.render_byte_at(address, byte))
+					.interleave(
+						(address..)
+							.take(BYTES_PER_CHUNK)
+							.skip(1)
+							.map(|address| self.render_space_before(address))
+					)
+			)
+	}
+	
+	fn render_partial_chunk(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		bytes: &[u8]
+	) -> impl Iterator<Item=Span<'static>> {
+		iter::once(self.render_large_space_before(address))
+			.chain(
+				bytes
+					.iter()
+					.copied()
+					.zip(address..)
+					.map(|(byte, address)| self.render_byte_at(address, byte))
+					.interleave(
+						(address..)
+							.take(BYTES_PER_CHUNK)
+							.skip(1)
+							.map(|address| self.render_space_before(address))
+					)
+			)
+	}
+	
+	fn render_byte_at(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		byte: u8
+	) -> Span<'static> {
+		if self.partial_action == Some(PartialAction::Replace) &&
+		   iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(&self.cursors)
+			.any(|cursor| cursor.contains(address).is_some())
+		{
+			let replaced_byte = self.partial_replace.unwrap_or(0) << 4;
+			
+			self.render_byte_without_replace_preview(address, replaced_byte)
+				.black()
+		} else {
+			self.render_byte_without_replace_preview(address, byte)
+		}
+	}
+	
+	fn render_byte_without_replace_preview(
+		&self,
+		address: usize,
+		byte: u8
+	) -> Span<'static> {
+		const SPAN_FOR_BYTE: [Span; u8::CARDINALITY] = create_byte_lookup_table();
+		
+		let span = SPAN_FOR_BYTE[byte as usize].clone();
+		
+		if let Some(place_in_cursor) = self.primary_cursor.contains(address) {
+			let head_color = match self.mode {
+				Mode::Select => Color::Yellow,
+				_ => Color::Gray
+			};
+			
+			match place_in_cursor {
+				InCursor::Head => span.bg(head_color),
+				InCursor::Rest => span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey()),
+			}
+		} else {
+			match self.cursors
+				.iter()
+				.find_map(|cursor| cursor.contains(address))
+			{
+				Some(InCursor::Head) => span.bg(Color::secondary_selection_head_grey()),
+				Some(InCursor::Rest) => span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey()),
+				None => span,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	fn render_large_space_before(&self, address: usize) -> Span<'static> {
+		let span: Span = if self.marks.contains(&address) {
+			" →".into()
+		} else {
+			"  ".into()
+		};
+		
+		if !address.is_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE) &&
+			iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+				.chain(&self.cursors)
+				.any(|cursor| cursor.contains_space_before(address))
+		{
+			span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey())
+		} else {
+			span
+		}
+	}
+	
+	fn render_space_before(&self, address: usize) -> Span<'static> {
+		let span: Span = if self.marks.contains(&address) {
+			"→".into()
+		} else {
+			" ".into()
+		};
+		
+		if iter::once(&self.primary_cursor)
+			.chain(&self.cursors)
+			.any(|cursor| cursor.contains_space_before(address))
+		{
+			span.bg(Color::selection_tail_grey())
+		} else {
+			span
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+const fn create_byte_lookup_table() -> [Span<'static>; u8::CARDINALITY] {
+	let mut result = [const { empty_span() }; u8::CARDINALITY];
+	
+	let mut index = 0;
+	while index < u8::CARDINALITY {
+		result[index].style = style_for_byte(index as u8);
+		mem::forget(mem::replace(&mut result[index].content, content_for_byte(index as u8)));
+		index += 1;
+	}
+	
+	result
+}
+
+const fn style_for_byte(byte: u8) -> Style {
+	Style::new().fg(fg_for_byte(byte))
+}
+
+const fn fg_for_byte(byte: u8) -> Color {
+	match byte {
+		0x00       => Color::Rgb(0x80, 0x80, 0x80), // grey
+		0x01..0x10 => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x71, 0xA9), // red
+		0x10..0x20 => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x7A, 0x78), // salmon
+		0x20..0x30 => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x81, 0x23), // red-orange
+		0x30..0x40 => Color::Rgb(0xF7, 0x93, 0x00), // yellow-orange
+		0x40..0x50 => Color::Rgb(0xE6, 0x9F, 0x00), // yellow
+		0x50..0x60 => Color::Rgb(0xC1, 0xB2, 0x00), // green-yellow
+		0x60..0x70 => Color::Rgb(0x82, 0xC6, 0x00), // lime
+		0x70..0x80 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xD5, 0x00), // green
+		0x80..0x90 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xD4, 0x59), // clover
+		0x90..0xA0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xD0, 0x91), // teal
+		0xA0..0xB0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xCC, 0xBB), // cyan
+		0xB0..0xC0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xC7, 0xDE), // light blue
+		0xC0..0xD0 => Color::Rgb(0x00, 0xBE, 0xFF), // blue
+		0xD0..0xE0 => Color::Rgb(0x6C, 0xAF, 0xFF), // blurple
+		0xE0..0xF0 => Color::Rgb(0xB2, 0x98, 0xFF), // purple
+		0xF0..0xFF => Color::Rgb(0xFF, 0x4D, 0xFF), // pink
+		0xFF       => Color::White
+	}
+}
+
+const fn content_for_byte(byte: u8) -> Cow<'static, str> {
+	Cow::Borrowed(hex_for_byte(byte))
+}
+
+const fn hex_for_byte(byte: u8) -> &'static str {
+	const LOOK_UP_TABLE: [&str; u8::CARDINALITY] = ["00", "01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "16", "17", "18", "19", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "20", "21", "22", "23", "24", "25", "26", "27", "28", "29", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f", "30", "31", "32", "33", "34", "35", "36", "37", "38", "39", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3e", "3f", "40", "41", "42", "43", "44", "45", "46", "47", "48", "49", "4a", "4b", "4c", "4d", "4e", "4f", "50", "51", "52", "53", "54", "55", "56", "57", "58", "59", "5a", "5b", "5c", "5d", "5e", "5f", "60", "61", "62", "63", "64", "65", "66", "67", "68", "69", "6a", "6b", "6c", "6d", "6e", "6f", "70", "71", "72", "73", "74", "75", "76", "77", "78", "79", "7a", "7b", "7c", "7d", "7e", "7f", "80", "81", "82", "83", "84", "85", "86", "87", "88", "89", "8a", "8b", "8c", "8d", "8e", "8f", "90", "91", "92", "93", "94", "95", "96", "97", "98", "99", "9a", "9b", "9c", "9d", "9e", "9f", "a0", "a1", "a2", "a3", "a4", "a5", "a6", "a7", "a8", "a9", "aa", "ab", "ac", "ad", "ae", "af", "b0", "b1", "b2", "b3", "b4", "b5", "b6", "b7", "b8", "b9", "ba", "bb", "bc", "bd", "be", "bf", "c0", "c1", "c2", "c3", "c4", "c5", "c6", "c7", "c8", "c9", "ca", "cb", "cc", "cd", "ce", "cf", "d0", "d1", "d2", "d3", "d4", "d5", "d6", "d7", "d8", "d9", "da", "db", "dc", "dd", "de", "df", "e0", "e1", "e2", "e3", "e4", "e5", "e6", "e7", "e8", "e9", "ea", "eb", "ec", "ed", "ee", "ef", "f0", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "fa", "fb", "fc", "fd", "fe", "ff"];
+	
+	LOOK_UP_TABLE[byte as usize]
+}
diff --git a/src/buffer/widget/status_line.rs b/src/buffer/widget/status_line.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c9d1ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/buffer/widget/status_line.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use crate::{buffer::{Buffer, Mode}, custom_greys::CustomGreys};
+use ratatui::{style::{Color, Stylize}, text::{Line, Span, Text}};
+
+impl Buffer {
+	pub fn render_status_line(&self) -> Text<'_> {
+		Text::from(
+			Line::from_iter([
+				self.render_mode(),
+				" ".into(),
+				self.render_file_name(),
+				self.modified_indicator(),
+				"  ".into(),
+				self.alert_message.clone()
+			])
+		)
+		.bg(Color::ui_grey())
+	}
+	
+	fn render_mode(&self) -> Span<'static> {
+		Span::from(self.mode.label())
+			.black()
+			.bg(self.mode.color())
+	}
+	
+	fn render_file_name(&self) -> Span<'_> {
+		Span::from(&self.file_name)
+	}
+	
+	fn modified_indicator(&self) -> Span<'static> {
+		if self.has_unsaved_changes() {
+			" [+]".into()
+		} else {
+			"".into()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Mode {
+	pub const fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+		match self {
+			Self::Normal => " NORMAL ",
+			Self::Select => " SELECT ",
+			Self::Insert => " INSERT ",
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn color(self) -> Color {
+		match self {
+			Self::Normal => Color::Blue,
+			Self::Select => Color::Yellow,
+			Self::Insert => Color::Green,
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/config.rs b/src/config.rs
index 4924cf2..0889150 100644
--- a/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/config.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 use std::{collections::{HashMap, hash_map::Entry}, env::{self, home_dir}, fmt::{self, Formatter}, fs::read_to_string, io, path::PathBuf};
 use crossterm::event::{KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyModifiers};
-use crate::{action::{Action, AppAction, BufferAction, CursorAction}, buffer::{Mode, PartialAction}};
+use crate::{action::Action, buffer::{Mode, PartialAction}};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer, de::{Error, MapAccess, Unexpected, Visitor}, ser::SerializeMap};
 
+mod default;
+
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(transparent)]
 pub struct Config(
@@ -46,8 +48,11 @@ impl Config {
 		home_dir().map(|home| home.join("AppData").join("Roaming"))
 	}
 	
-	pub fn init() -> Result<Self, ConfigInitError> {
-		let path = Self::path().ok_or(ConfigInitError::NoConfigPath)?;
+	pub fn init(override_path: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<Self, ConfigInitError> {
+		let path = override_path
+			.or_else(Self::path)
+			.ok_or(ConfigInitError::NoConfigPath)?;
+		
 		let raw_config = read_to_string(path)?;
 		
 		Ok(toml::from_str(&raw_config)?)
@@ -291,268 +296,3 @@ impl From<KeyEvent> for Keypress {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-impl Default for Config {
-	#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
-	fn default() -> Self {
-		use AppAction::*;
-		use BufferAction::*;
-		use CursorAction::*;
-		
-		[
-			(Mode::Normal, [
-				(None, [
-					("q".try_into().unwrap(), QuitIfSaved.into()),
-					("Q".try_into().unwrap(), Quit.into()),
-					
-					("v".try_into().unwrap(), SelectMode.into()),
-					
-					("g".try_into().unwrap(), Goto.into()),
-					("z".try_into().unwrap(), View.into()),
-					("r".try_into().unwrap(), Replace.into()),
-					(" ".try_into().unwrap(), Space.into()),
-					("*".try_into().unwrap(), Repeat.into()),
-					("t".try_into().unwrap(), To.into()),
-					
-					("i".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
-					("k".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
-					("j".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
-					("l".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("up".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
-					("down".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
-					("left".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
-					("right".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("G".try_into().unwrap(), GotoFileEnd.into()),
-					
-					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
-					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
-					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
-					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
-					
-					("w".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordStart.into()),
-					("e".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordEnd.into()),
-					("b".try_into().unwrap(), MovePreviousWordStart.into()),
-					
-					(";".try_into().unwrap(), CollapseSelection.into()),
-					("A-;".try_into().unwrap(), FlipSelections.into()),
-					
-					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
-					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
-					
-					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
-					
-					("u".try_into().unwrap(), Undo.into()),
-					("U".try_into().unwrap(), Redo.into()),
-					
-					("C-j".try_into().unwrap(), PreviousBuffer.into()),
-					("C-l".try_into().unwrap(), NextBuffer.into()),
-					
-					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
-					
-					("(".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsBackward.into()),
-					(")".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsForward.into()),
-					
-					(",".try_into().unwrap(), KeepPrimarySelection.into()),
-					("A-,".try_into().unwrap(), RemovePrimarySelection.into()),
-					
-					("1".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto1s.into()),
-					("2".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto2s.into()),
-					("3".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto3s.into()),
-					("4".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto4s.into()),
-					("5".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto5s.into()),
-					("6".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto6s.into()),
-					("7".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto7s.into()),
-					("8".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto8s.into()),
-					("9".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto9s.into()),
-					
-					("J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffsetRelativeToMark.into()),
-					("A-J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffset.into()),
-					
-					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ToggleMark.into()),
-					
-					("y".try_into().unwrap(), Yank.into()),
-					
-					("C- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelection.into()),
-					("A- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelectionColor.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::Goto), [
-					("j".try_into().unwrap(), GotoLineStart.into()),
-					("l".try_into().unwrap(), GotoLineEnd.into()),
-					
-					("g".try_into().unwrap(), GotoFileStart.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::View), [
-					("z".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewCenter.into()),
-					("b".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewBottom.into()),
-					("t".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewTop.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::Space), [
-					("w".try_into().unwrap(), Save.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::Repeat), [
-					("i".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
-					("k".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
-					("j".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
-					("l".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("up".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
-					("down".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
-					("left".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
-					("right".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
-					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
-					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
-					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
-					
-					("w".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordStart.into()),
-					("e".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordEnd.into()),
-					("b".try_into().unwrap(), MovePreviousWordStart.into()),
-					
-					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
-					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
-					
-					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
-					
-					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::To), [
-					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToMark.into()),
-					("0".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToNull.into()),
-					("f".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToFF.into()),
-				].into()),
-			].into()),
-			(Mode::Select, [
-				(None, [
-					("q".try_into().unwrap(), QuitIfSaved.into()),
-					("Q".try_into().unwrap(), Quit.into()),
-					
-					("v".try_into().unwrap(), NormalMode.into()),
-					
-					("g".try_into().unwrap(), Goto.into()),
-					("z".try_into().unwrap(), View.into()),
-					("r".try_into().unwrap(), Replace.into()),
-					(" ".try_into().unwrap(), Space.into()),
-					("*".try_into().unwrap(), Repeat.into()),
-					("t".try_into().unwrap(), To.into()),
-					
-					("i".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
-					("k".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
-					("j".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
-					("l".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("up".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
-					("down".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
-					("left".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
-					("right".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
-					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
-					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
-					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
-					
-					("w".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordStart.into()),
-					("e".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordEnd.into()),
-					("b".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendPreviousWordStart.into()),
-					
-					(";".try_into().unwrap(), CollapseSelection.into()),
-					("A-;".try_into().unwrap(), FlipSelections.into()),
-					
-					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
-					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
-					
-					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
-					
-					("u".try_into().unwrap(), Undo.into()),
-					("U".try_into().unwrap(), Redo.into()),
-					
-					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
-					
-					("(".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsBackward.into()),
-					(")".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsForward.into()),
-					
-					(",".try_into().unwrap(), KeepPrimarySelection.into()),
-					("A-,".try_into().unwrap(), RemovePrimarySelection.into()),
-					
-					("1".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto1s.into()),
-					("2".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto2s.into()),
-					("3".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto3s.into()),
-					("4".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto4s.into()),
-					("5".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto5s.into()),
-					("6".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto6s.into()),
-					("7".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto7s.into()),
-					("8".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto8s.into()),
-					("9".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto9s.into()),
-					
-					("J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffsetRelativeToMark.into()),
-					("A-J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffset.into()),
-					
-					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ToggleMark.into()),
-					
-					("y".try_into().unwrap(), Yank.into()),
-					
-					("C- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelection.into()),
-					("A- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelectionColor.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::View), [
-					("z".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewCenter.into()),
-					("b".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewBottom.into()),
-					("t".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewTop.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::Space), [
-					("w".try_into().unwrap(), Save.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::Repeat), [
-					("i".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
-					("k".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
-					("j".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
-					("l".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("up".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
-					("down".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
-					("left".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
-					("right".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
-					
-					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
-					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
-					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
-					
-					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
-					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
-					
-					("w".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordStart.into()),
-					("e".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordEnd.into()),
-					("b".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendPreviousWordStart.into()),
-					
-					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
-					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
-					
-					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
-					
-					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
-				].into()),
-				(Some(PartialAction::To), [
-					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToMark.into()),
-					("0".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToNull.into()),
-					("f".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToFF.into()),
-				].into()),
-			].into())
-		].into()
-	}
-}
diff --git a/src/config/default.rs b/src/config/default.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e7f7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/config/default.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+use crate::{action::{AppAction, BufferAction, CursorAction}, buffer::{Mode, PartialAction}, config::Config};
+
+impl Default for Config {
+	#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		use AppAction::*;
+		use BufferAction::*;
+		use CursorAction::*;
+		
+		[
+			(Mode::Normal, [
+				(None, [
+					("q".try_into().unwrap(), QuitIfSaved.into()),
+					("Q".try_into().unwrap(), Quit.into()),
+					
+					("v".try_into().unwrap(), SelectMode.into()),
+					
+					("g".try_into().unwrap(), Goto.into()),
+					("z".try_into().unwrap(), View.into()),
+					("r".try_into().unwrap(), Replace.into()),
+					(" ".try_into().unwrap(), Space.into()),
+					("*".try_into().unwrap(), Repeat.into()),
+					("t".try_into().unwrap(), To.into()),
+					
+					("i".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
+					("k".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
+					("j".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
+					("l".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("up".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
+					("down".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
+					("left".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
+					("right".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("G".try_into().unwrap(), GotoFileEnd.into()),
+					
+					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
+					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
+					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
+					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
+					
+					("w".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordStart.into()),
+					("e".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordEnd.into()),
+					("b".try_into().unwrap(), MovePreviousWordStart.into()),
+					
+					(";".try_into().unwrap(), CollapseSelection.into()),
+					("A-;".try_into().unwrap(), FlipSelections.into()),
+					
+					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
+					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
+					
+					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
+					
+					("u".try_into().unwrap(), Undo.into()),
+					("U".try_into().unwrap(), Redo.into()),
+					
+					("C-j".try_into().unwrap(), PreviousBuffer.into()),
+					("C-l".try_into().unwrap(), NextBuffer.into()),
+					
+					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
+					
+					("(".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsBackward.into()),
+					(")".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsForward.into()),
+					
+					(",".try_into().unwrap(), KeepPrimarySelection.into()),
+					("A-,".try_into().unwrap(), RemovePrimarySelection.into()),
+					
+					("1".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto1s.into()),
+					("2".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto2s.into()),
+					("3".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto3s.into()),
+					("4".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto4s.into()),
+					("5".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto5s.into()),
+					("6".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto6s.into()),
+					("7".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto7s.into()),
+					("8".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto8s.into()),
+					("9".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto9s.into()),
+					
+					("J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffsetRelativeToMark.into()),
+					("A-J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffset.into()),
+					
+					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ToggleMark.into()),
+					
+					("y".try_into().unwrap(), Yank.into()),
+					
+					("C- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelection.into()),
+					("A- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelectionColor.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::Goto), [
+					("j".try_into().unwrap(), GotoLineStart.into()),
+					("l".try_into().unwrap(), GotoLineEnd.into()),
+					
+					("g".try_into().unwrap(), GotoFileStart.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::View), [
+					("z".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewCenter.into()),
+					("b".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewBottom.into()),
+					("t".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewTop.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::Space), [
+					("w".try_into().unwrap(), Save.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::Repeat), [
+					("i".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
+					("k".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
+					("j".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
+					("l".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("up".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteUp.into()),
+					("down".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteDown.into()),
+					("left".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteLeft.into()),
+					("right".try_into().unwrap(), MoveByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
+					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
+					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
+					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
+					
+					("w".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordStart.into()),
+					("e".try_into().unwrap(), MoveNextWordEnd.into()),
+					("b".try_into().unwrap(), MovePreviousWordStart.into()),
+					
+					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
+					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
+					
+					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
+					
+					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::To), [
+					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToMark.into()),
+					("0".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToNull.into()),
+					("f".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToFF.into()),
+				].into()),
+			].into()),
+			(Mode::Select, [
+				(None, [
+					("q".try_into().unwrap(), QuitIfSaved.into()),
+					("Q".try_into().unwrap(), Quit.into()),
+					
+					("v".try_into().unwrap(), NormalMode.into()),
+					
+					("g".try_into().unwrap(), Goto.into()),
+					("z".try_into().unwrap(), View.into()),
+					("r".try_into().unwrap(), Replace.into()),
+					(" ".try_into().unwrap(), Space.into()),
+					("*".try_into().unwrap(), Repeat.into()),
+					("t".try_into().unwrap(), To.into()),
+					
+					("i".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
+					("k".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
+					("j".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
+					("l".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("up".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
+					("down".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
+					("left".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
+					("right".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
+					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
+					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
+					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
+					
+					("w".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordStart.into()),
+					("e".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordEnd.into()),
+					("b".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendPreviousWordStart.into()),
+					
+					(";".try_into().unwrap(), CollapseSelection.into()),
+					("A-;".try_into().unwrap(), FlipSelections.into()),
+					
+					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
+					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
+					
+					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
+					
+					("u".try_into().unwrap(), Undo.into()),
+					("U".try_into().unwrap(), Redo.into()),
+					
+					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
+					
+					("(".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsBackward.into()),
+					(")".try_into().unwrap(), RotateSelectionsForward.into()),
+					
+					(",".try_into().unwrap(), KeepPrimarySelection.into()),
+					("A-,".try_into().unwrap(), RemovePrimarySelection.into()),
+					
+					("1".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto1s.into()),
+					("2".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto2s.into()),
+					("3".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto3s.into()),
+					("4".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto4s.into()),
+					("5".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto5s.into()),
+					("6".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto6s.into()),
+					("7".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto7s.into()),
+					("8".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto8s.into()),
+					("9".try_into().unwrap(), SplitSelectionsInto9s.into()),
+					
+					("J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffsetRelativeToMark.into()),
+					("A-J".try_into().unwrap(), JumpToSelectedOffset.into()),
+					
+					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ToggleMark.into()),
+					
+					("y".try_into().unwrap(), Yank.into()),
+					
+					("C- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelection.into()),
+					("A- ".try_into().unwrap(), InspectSelectionColor.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::View), [
+					("z".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewCenter.into()),
+					("b".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewBottom.into()),
+					("t".try_into().unwrap(), AlignViewTop.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::Space), [
+					("w".try_into().unwrap(), Save.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::Repeat), [
+					("i".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
+					("k".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
+					("j".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
+					("l".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("up".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteUp.into()),
+					("down".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteDown.into()),
+					("left".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteLeft.into()),
+					("right".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendByteRight.into()),
+					
+					("C-e".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollDown.into()),
+					("C-y".try_into().unwrap(), ScrollUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-d".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfDown.into()),
+					("C-u".try_into().unwrap(), PageCursorHalfUp.into()),
+					
+					("C-f".try_into().unwrap(), PageDown.into()),
+					("C-b".try_into().unwrap(), PageUp.into()),
+					
+					("w".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordStart.into()),
+					("e".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendNextWordEnd.into()),
+					("b".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendPreviousWordStart.into()),
+					
+					("x".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineBelow.into()),
+					("X".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendLineAbove.into()),
+					
+					("d".try_into().unwrap(), Delete.into()),
+					
+					("C".try_into().unwrap(), CopySelectionOnNextLine.into()),
+				].into()),
+				(Some(PartialAction::To), [
+					("m".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToMark.into()),
+					("0".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToNull.into()),
+					("f".try_into().unwrap(), ExtendToFF.into()),
+				].into()),
+			].into())
+		].into()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/cursor/actions.rs b/src/cursor/actions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bca5e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cursor/actions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+impl Cursor {
+	pub fn execute(
+		&mut self,
+		action: CursorAction,
+		max_contents_index: usize
+	) {
+		match action {
+			CursorAction::MoveByteUp => self.move_byte_up(),
+			CursorAction::MoveByteDown => self.move_byte_down(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::MoveByteLeft => self.move_byte_left(),
+			CursorAction::MoveByteRight => self.move_byte_right(max_contents_index),
+			
+			CursorAction::ExtendByteUp => self.extend_byte_up(),
+			CursorAction::ExtendByteDown => self.extend_byte_down(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::ExtendByteLeft => self.extend_byte_left(),
+			CursorAction::ExtendByteRight => self.extend_byte_right(max_contents_index),
+			
+			CursorAction::GotoLineStart => self.goto_line_start(),
+			CursorAction::GotoLineEnd => self.goto_line_end(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::GotoFileStart => self.goto_file_start(),
+			CursorAction::GotoFileEnd => self.goto_file_end(max_contents_index),
+			
+			CursorAction::MoveNextWordStart => self.move_next_word_start(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::MoveNextWordEnd => self.move_next_word_end(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::MovePreviousWordStart => self.move_previous_word_start(),
+			
+			CursorAction::ExtendNextWordStart => self.extend_next_word_start(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::ExtendNextWordEnd => self.extend_next_word_end(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::ExtendPreviousWordStart => self.extend_previous_word_start(),
+			
+			CursorAction::ExtendLineBelow => self.extend_line_below(max_contents_index),
+			CursorAction::ExtendLineAbove => self.extend_line_above(max_contents_index),
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn move_byte_up(&mut self) {
+		if self.head >= BYTES_PER_LINE {
+			self.head -= BYTES_PER_LINE;
+			self.collapse();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn move_byte_down(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if max - self.head >= BYTES_PER_LINE {
+			self.head += BYTES_PER_LINE;
+			self.collapse();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn move_byte_left(&mut self) {
+		if self.head >= 1 {
+			self.head -= 1;
+			self.collapse();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn move_byte_right(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if max - self.head >= 1 {
+			self.head += 1;
+			self.collapse();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn extend_byte_up(&mut self) {
+		if self.head >= BYTES_PER_LINE {
+			self.head -= BYTES_PER_LINE;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn extend_byte_down(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if max - self.head >= BYTES_PER_LINE {
+			self.head += BYTES_PER_LINE;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn extend_byte_left(&mut self) {
+		if self.head >= 1 {
+			self.head -= 1;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn extend_byte_right(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if max - self.head >= 1 {
+			self.head += 1;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn goto_line_start(&mut self) {
+		self.head -= self.head % BYTES_PER_LINE;
+		self.collapse();
+	}
+	
+	pub fn goto_line_end(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		self.head = min(
+			self.head + BYTES_PER_LINE - 1 - (self.head % BYTES_PER_LINE),
+			max
+		);
+		self.collapse();
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn goto_file_start(&mut self) {
+		self.head %= BYTES_PER_LINE;
+		self.collapse();
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn goto_file_end(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		self.head += previous_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE, max + 1 - self.head);
+		
+		self.collapse();
+	}
+	
+	pub fn move_next_word_start(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if self.head == max { return; }
+		
+		if self.head.is_multiple_of(4) { // at the beginning of a word
+			self.head = (self.head + 4).min(max);
+		} else {
+			self.head = self.head.next_multiple_of(4).min(max);
+		}
+		self.collapse();
+	}
+	
+	pub fn move_next_word_end(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if self.head == max { return; }
+		
+		self.collapse();
+		if self.head % 4 == 3 { // at the end of a word
+			self.tail = self.head + 1;
+			self.head = (self.head + 4).min(max);
+		} else {
+			self.head = ((self.head + 1).next_multiple_of(4) - 1).min(max);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn move_previous_word_start(&mut self) {
+		if self.head == 0 { return; }
+		
+		self.collapse();
+		if self.head.is_multiple_of(4) { // at the beginning of a word
+			self.tail = self.head - 1;
+			self.head -= 4;
+		} else {
+			self.head -= self.head % 4;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub fn extend_next_word_start(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if self.head == max { return; }
+		
+		if self.head.is_multiple_of(4) { // at the beginning of a word
+			self.head = (self.head + 4).min(max);
+		} else {
+			self.head = self.head.next_multiple_of(4).min(max);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub fn extend_next_word_end(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if self.head == max { return; }
+		
+		if self.head % 4 == 3 { // at the end of a word
+			self.head = (self.head + 4).min(max);
+		} else {
+			self.head = ((self.head + 1).next_multiple_of(4) - 1).min(max);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn extend_previous_word_start(&mut self) {
+		if self.head == 0 { return; }
+		
+		if self.head.is_multiple_of(4) { // at the beginning of a word
+			self.head -= 4;
+		} else {
+			self.head -= self.head % 4;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub fn extend_line_below(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if self.tail > self.head {
+			swap(&mut self.head, &mut self.tail);
+		}
+		
+		if self.tail.is_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE) &&
+           self.head % BYTES_PER_LINE == BYTES_PER_LINE - 1
+		{
+			self.head = min(self.head + BYTES_PER_LINE, max);
+		} else {
+			self.tail -= self.tail % BYTES_PER_LINE;
+			self.head = min(
+				self.head + BYTES_PER_LINE - 1 - (self.head % BYTES_PER_LINE),
+				max
+			);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub fn extend_line_above(&mut self, max: usize) {
+		if self.head > self.tail {
+			swap(&mut self.head, &mut self.tail);
+		}
+		
+		if self.head.is_multiple_of(BYTES_PER_LINE) &&
+		   (self.tail % BYTES_PER_LINE == BYTES_PER_LINE - 1 ||
+		    self.tail == max)
+		{
+			self.head = self.head.saturating_sub(BYTES_PER_LINE);
+		} else {
+			self.head -= self.head % BYTES_PER_LINE;
+			self.tail = min(
+				self.tail + BYTES_PER_LINE - 1 - (self.tail % BYTES_PER_LINE),
+				max
+			);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+const fn previous_multiple_of(multiple: usize, number: usize) -> usize {
+	if number == 0 {
+		0
+	} else {
+		(number - 1) - ((number - 1) % multiple)
+	}
+}
+
+mod tests {
+	#[allow(unused_imports)]
+	use crate::cursor::Cursor;
+	
+	#[test]
+	fn next_word() {
+		// [a]bcd efgh -> abcd [e]fgh
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(4));
+		
+		// a[b]cd efgh -> abcd [e]fgh
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(1);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(4));
+		
+		// ab[c]d efgh -> abcd [e]fgh
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(2);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(4));
+		
+		// abc[d] efgh -> abcd [e]fgh
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(3);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(4));
+		
+		// [a]bcd -> abc[d]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(3);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(3));
+		
+		// [a]bc -> ab[c]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(2);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(2));
+		
+		// [a]b -> a[b]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(1);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(1));
+		
+		// [a] -> [a]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(0);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(0));
+		
+		// ab[c]d -> abc[d]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(2);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(3);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(3));
+		
+		// abc[d] -> abc[d]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(3);
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(3);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(3));
+		
+		// ab[c[d] -> ab[c[d]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { tail: 2, head: 3 };
+		cursor.move_next_word_start(3);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 2, head: 3 });
+	}
+	
+	#[test]
+	fn next_end() {
+		// [a]bcd -> [abcd]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 0, head: 3 });
+		
+		// a[b]cd -> [abcd]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(1);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 1, head: 3 });
+		
+		// ab[c]d -> [abcd]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(2);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 2, head: 3 });
+		
+		// abc[d] efgh -> abcd [efgh]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(3);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 4, head: 7 });
+		
+		// abcd [e]fgh -> abcd [efgh]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(4);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 4, head: 7 });
+		
+		// abcd e[f]gh -> abcd e[fgh]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(5);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 5, head: 7 });
+		
+		// abcd ef[g]h -> abcd ef[gh]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(6);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 6, head: 7 });
+		
+		// abcd efg[h] ijkl -> abcd efgh [ijkl]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(7);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 8, head: 11 });
+		
+		// abcd efg[h] -> abcd efg[h]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(7);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(7);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 7, head: 7 });
+		
+		// abcd e[fgh] -> abcd e[fgh]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { tail: 5, head: 7 };
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(7);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 5, head: 7 });
+		
+		// a[b]c -> a[bc]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(1);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(2);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 1, head: 2 });
+		
+		// a[bc] -> a[bc]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { tail: 1, head: 2};
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(2);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 1, head: 2 });
+		
+		// a[b] -> a[b]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(1);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(1);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(1));
+		
+		// [a]b -> [ab]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(1);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 0, head: 1 });
+		
+		// [ab] -> [ab]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { tail: 0, head: 1};
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(1);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 0, head: 1 });
+		
+		// [a] -> [a]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(0);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor::at(0));
+		
+		// [a]bcd] -> [abc[d]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { head: 0, tail: 3 };
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 0, head: 3 });
+		
+		// [a[b]cd -> a[bc[d]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { tail: 0, head: 1 };
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(99);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 1, head: 3 });
+		
+		// abc[d] ef -> abcd [ef]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(3);
+		cursor.move_next_word_end(5);
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { tail: 4, head: 5 });
+	}
+	
+	#[test]
+	fn previous_beginning() {
+		// abcd efgh [i]jkl -> abcd [efgh] ijkl
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(8);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 4, tail: 7 });
+		
+		// abcd efg[h] -> abcd [efgh]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(7);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 4, tail: 7 });
+		
+		// abcd ef[g]h -> abcd [efg]h
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(6);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 4, tail: 6 });
+		
+		// abcd e[f]gh -> abcd [ef]gh
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(5);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 4, tail: 5 });
+		
+		// abcd [e]fgh -> [abcd] efgh
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(4);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 0, tail: 3 });
+		
+		// abc[d] -> [abcd]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(3);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 0, tail: 3 });
+		
+		// ab[c]d -> [abc]d
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(2);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 0, tail: 2 });
+		
+		// a[b]cd -> [ab]cd
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(1);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 0, tail: 1 });
+		
+		// [a]bcd -> [a]bcd
+		let mut cursor = Cursor::at(0);
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 0, tail: 0 });
+		
+		// [abc[d] -> [a]bcd]
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { tail: 0, head: 3 };
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 0, tail: 3 });
+		
+		// ab[c]d] -> [a]bc]d
+		let mut cursor = Cursor { head: 2, tail: 3 };
+		cursor.move_previous_word_start();
+		assert_eq!(cursor, Cursor { head: 0, tail: 2 });
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/edit_action.rs b/src/edit_action.rs
index 4645780..18ed838 100644
--- a/src/edit_action.rs
+++ b/src/edit_action.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::{cmp::min, convert::identity, iter};
-use crate::{app::WindowSize, buffer::Buffer, cursor::Cursor};
+use crate::{window_size::WindowSize, buffer::Buffer, cursor::Cursor};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum EditAction {
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 4f0f2c6..b88811d 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,20 @@
 #![feature(hash_set_entry)]
 #![feature(trim_prefix_suffix)]
 
+use arguments::Arguments;
+use clap::Parser;
 use app::App;
 use crossterm::{QueueableCommand, event::{DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture}};
 
 mod app;
 mod buffer;
+mod popup;
 mod config;
 mod cursor;
 mod action;
 mod edit_action;
+mod arguments;
+mod window_size;
 
 mod cardinality;
 mod empty_span;
@@ -28,14 +33,13 @@ const LINES_OF_PADDING: usize = 5;
 const BYTES_OF_PADDING: usize = LINES_OF_PADDING * BYTES_PER_LINE;
 
 // TODO:
-// - help (use clap?)
-// - clean up files
 // - update showcase
 // - write docs
 //   - simonomi.dev/hexapoda?
 //   - config
 //     - schema!!
 //   - uhhhhh?
+// - fix scroll clamping
 // - inspector translations for varint
 // - search
 //   - ascii and bytes (`/` and `A-/`?)
@@ -65,7 +69,13 @@ const BYTES_OF_PADDING: usize = LINES_OF_PADDING * BYTES_PER_LINE;
 //   - how to fit??! `-128` longer than `80`
 
 fn main() {
-	let mut app = App::new();
+	let arguments = Arguments::parse();
+	
+	let mut app = App::new(
+		arguments.config,
+		&arguments.files
+	);
+	
 	let mut terminal = ratatui::init();
 	crossterm::terminal::enable_raw_mode().unwrap();
 	terminal.backend_mut().queue(EnableMouseCapture).unwrap();
diff --git a/src/popup.rs b/src/popup.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b19db15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/popup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use ratatui::{layout::{Constraint, Rect}, style::{Style, Stylize}, text::Span, widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Widget}};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Popup {
+	pub at: usize,
+	width: u16,
+	primary: bool,
+	lines: Vec<Span<'static>>
+}
+
+impl Popup {
+	pub fn new(at: usize, lines: Vec<Span<'static>>) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			at,
+			width: lines
+				.iter()
+				.map(|line| line.width() as u16)
+				.max()
+				.unwrap_or(0),
+			primary: false,
+			lines
+		}
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn area_at(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Rect {
+		Rect {
+			x,
+			y,
+			width: self.width + 2,
+			height: self.lines.len() as u16
+		}
+	}
+	
+	#[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+	pub const fn as_primary(mut self) -> Self {
+		self.primary = true;
+		self
+	}
+}
+
+impl Widget for Popup {
+	fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut ratatui::prelude::Buffer) {
+		Clear.render(area, buf);
+		
+		let border_color = if self.primary {
+			Style::new().white()
+		} else {
+			Style::new().gray()
+		};
+		
+		Block::new()
+			.on_dark_gray()
+			.borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+			.border_style(border_color)
+			.render(area, buf);
+		
+		for (line, area) in self.lines.iter().zip(area.rows()) {
+			line.render(
+				area.centered_horizontally(Constraint::Length(line.width() as u16)),
+				buf
+			);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/window_size.rs b/src/window_size.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f99b97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/window_size.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use crate::BYTES_PER_LINE;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct WindowSize {
+	pub rows: usize,
+	pub covered_rows: usize,
+}
+
+impl WindowSize {
+	pub const fn visible_byte_count(&self) -> usize {
+		self.hex_rows() * BYTES_PER_LINE
+	}
+	
+	pub const fn hex_rows(&self) -> usize {
+		self.rows - self.covered_rows
+	}
+}